Plant-based biopolymers for wastewater pollutants mitigation
-
Krishnan Harshan
,
A. Prashanth Rajan
,
Danie Kingsley
,
Rahul Amin Sheikh
,
Jemima Aashmi
and
Anand Prem Rajan
Abstract
Pollution is one of the most pressing issues of modern times. Effluent in the world is escalating due to the exponential growth in the industrial and agricultural sectors. The effluents contain heavy metals, pesticides, and inorganic substances ultimately leading to the deterioration of the ecosystem. Even though there are numerous wastewater treatment methods like adsorption, membrane separation, ion exchange, and physical, mechanical, and chemical treatments. They are expensive and have the risk of second-hand pollution. Biopolymers are alternate and superior to synthetic polymers due to their environmentally friendly approach and high efficiency in treating wastewater. The most prominent plant-based biopolymers for the treatment of pollutants are cellulose, starch, carrageenan, alginate, xylan, inulin, pectin, and tragacanth. These have their advantages and disadvantages in bioremediation. The mechanism of pollution removal has adsorption, flocculation, bridge formation, and electrostatic patches. They are biodegradable as they are natural in origin. They have proved to remove toxic pollutants like chitosan, pullulan, polyhydroxy alkonates and butyrates, dextran, starch and cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and polycaprolactone, gelatin, collagen and wheat gluten, alginate, heparin, and pectin to name a few. Biopolymers are also sourced from diverse sources like agricultural wastes and well-known sources like plants, animals, and microbes. Biopolymer and its composites are utilized as coagulants and flocculants. They are cellulose graft polyacrylamide, anionic sodium carboxymethylcellulose, guar gum graft polyacrylamide, pectin polyacrylamide, starch, and tannin. Nanotechnology has led to the development of elite nanohybrid bio-adsorbents to actively remove pollutants. These nano adsorbents have been targeting pollutants like azo dyes, bovine serum albumin, cationic dyes, parabens, and methylene blue among others. Biopolymer composites are also widely used for diverse applications primarily due to their enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. Biopolymers from natural and synthetic sources can be modified and used as per the requirement.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Circular plastics technologies: pyrolysis of plastics to fuels and chemicals
- Morphological, water barrier and biodegradable properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/starch biopolymer composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oils
- Plant-based biopolymers for wastewater pollutants mitigation
- Oat thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Miniaturization and microfluidic devices: an overview of basic concepts, fabrication techniques, and applications
- Pea thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Biopolymer based membrane technology for environmental applications
- Characterization of crude saponins from stem bark extract of Parinari curatellifolia and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activities
- Random and block architectures of N-arylitaconimide monomers with methyl methacrylate
- Physicochemical and free radical scavenging activity of Adansonia digitata seed oil
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Circular plastics technologies: pyrolysis of plastics to fuels and chemicals
- Morphological, water barrier and biodegradable properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/starch biopolymer composites incorporated with cinnamon essential oils
- Plant-based biopolymers for wastewater pollutants mitigation
- Oat thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Miniaturization and microfluidic devices: an overview of basic concepts, fabrication techniques, and applications
- Pea thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Biopolymer based membrane technology for environmental applications
- Characterization of crude saponins from stem bark extract of Parinari curatellifolia and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activities
- Random and block architectures of N-arylitaconimide monomers with methyl methacrylate
- Physicochemical and free radical scavenging activity of Adansonia digitata seed oil
