Evaluation of raw, treated and effluent water quality from selected water treatment plants: a case study of Lagos Water Corporation
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Kafeelah Yusuf
,
Abdulrafiu Majolagbe
Abstract
Water plays a significant role in maintaining human health and welfare. In this paper, eight selected water treatment plants (lshasi, Iju, Adiyan, Mosan Okunola, Ikorodu, Otta-ikosi, Alausa and Akilo) controlled by Lagos Water Corporation were studied to evaluate raw, treated and effluent water quality. Sixteen parameters (pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl−), Sulphate (SO4 2−), Nitrate (NO3 −), Phosphate (PO4 3−), Total Coliform (TC), Copper (Cu2+), Cadmium (Cd2+) and Lead (Pb2+) were determined for a period of three months (July–September 2018) using standard methods. The results showed that Cd was not detected; the TC exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limit while all other parameters were within the (WHO) guideline for drinking purposes with the exception of turbidity. The values of water quality index (WQI) designated 70.83% as excellent water, 20.83% as good water and 8.33% as poor water in respect to drinking uses. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) extracts five components with eigenvalue >1.0 and accounts for 78.22% of the total variance. The associated health risks were estimated for adults and children. The hazard quotients (HQ) were greater than one indicating an overall health risk for adults and children.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Lagos Water Corporation (LWC) for their assistance during sampling.
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Author contributions: K.A. Yusuf conducted the study, K.A. Yusuf, A.O. Majolagbe and S.Balogun conceptualize the manuscript and contributed immensely to the writing of the draft and final manuscript.
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Research funding: This research received no external funding.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- Ethnobotanical survey, phytoconstituents and antibacterial investigation of Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. bark, fruit and leaf extracts
- Catalytic properties of supramolecular polymetallated porphyrins
- Lignin-based polymers
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- Novel drug design and bioinformatics: an introduction
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