Home Multi-objective optimization of CCUS supply chains for European countries with higher carbon dioxide emissions
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Multi-objective optimization of CCUS supply chains for European countries with higher carbon dioxide emissions

  • Grazia Leonzio ORCID logo , Pier Ugo Foscolo and Edwin Zondervan
Published/Copyright: May 3, 2021
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

This research work wants to overcome the gap present in the literature, reformulating our single optimization problems of a CCUS supply chain for Germany, Italy and the UK (European countries with higher carbon dioxide emissions) as bi-objective problems. The amount of captured carbon dioxide is maximized while total costs are minimized at the same time. Results show that, for solving this problem, the augmented ε-constraint method is more efficient than the traditional ε-constraint method, and the respective Pareto fronts with environmentally and economically efficient solutions are obtained. These plots are utilized to suggest scenarios for a decision maker, considering only the total costs objective function (the scenario with the minimum value of net total cost is selected) or both objective functions (the scenario with the shortest distance from the Utopia point is chosen). In the second option, the CCUS supply chain of Germany is that closest to the ideal conditions, even if the system has the highest costs.


Corresponding author: Grazia Leonzio, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy, E-mail:

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: Grazia Leonzio would like to thank the University of L’Aquila and the University of Bremen (MAPEX grant) for funding this work.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

References

1. Cuellar-Franca, RM, Azapagic, A. Carbon capture, storage and utilization technologies: a critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. J CO2 Util 2015;9:82–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001.Search in Google Scholar

2. IEA. Global energy & CO2 status report. Paris, France: IEA; 2018.Search in Google Scholar

3. IEA (International Energy Agency). Global energy & CO2 status report; 2019. Available from: https://www.iea.org/geco/emissions/.Search in Google Scholar

4. Goel, C, Bhunia, H, Bajpai, PK. Development of nitrogen enriched nanostructured carbon adsorbents for CO2 capture. J Environ Manag 2015;162:20–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Agralı, S, Üçtug, FG, Türkmen, BA. An optimization model for carbon capture & storage/utilization vs. carbon trading: a case study of fossil-fired power plants in Turkey. J Environ Manag 2018;215:305–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.054.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Voll, D, Wauschkuhn, A, Hartel, R, Genoese, M, Fichtner, W. Cost estimation of fossil power plants with carbon dioxide capture and storage. Energy Procedia 2012;23:333–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.038.Search in Google Scholar

7. IPCC. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2013, Technical Report.10.1017/CBO9781107415324Search in Google Scholar

8. Fan, JL, Xu, M, Yang, L, Zhang, X, Li, F. How can carbon capture utilization and storage be incentivized in China? A perspective based on the 45Q tax credit provisions. Energy Pol 2019;132:1229–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.07.010.Search in Google Scholar

9. Lacy, R, Molina, M, Vaca, M, Serralde, C, Hernandez, G, Rios, G, et al.. Life-cycle GHG assessment of carbon capture, use and geological storage (CCUS) for linked primary energy and electricity production. Int J Greenh Gas Contr 2015;42:165–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.07.017.Search in Google Scholar

10. Von Raveendran, S. The role of CCS as a mitigation technology and challenges to its commercialization [M.Sc. thesis]. Cambridge, USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); 2013.Search in Google Scholar

11. Hasan, MMF, First, EL, Boukouvala, F, Floudas, CA. A multi-scale framework for CO2 capture, utilization, and sequestration: CCUS and CCU. Comput Chem Eng 2015;81:2–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.04.034.Search in Google Scholar

12. IEA (International Energy Agency). Tracking clean energy progress 2017. Paris: OECD/IEA; 2017. Available from: https://www.iea.org/tcep/ [Accessed 10 Jul 2018].Search in Google Scholar

13. Edenhofer, O, Knopf, B, Barker, T, Baumstark, L, Bellevrat, E, Chateau, B, et al.. The economics of low stabilization: model comparison of mitigation strategies and costs. Energy J 2010;31:11–48. https://doi.org/10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol31-NoSI-2.Search in Google Scholar

14. Martinsen, D, Linssen, J, Markewitz, P, Vögele, S. CCS: a future CO2 mitigation option for Germany? —a bottom-up approach. Energy Pol 2007;35:2110–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.06.017.Search in Google Scholar

15. Winskel, M, Markusson, N, Moran, B, Taylor, G. Decarbonising the UK energy system: accelerated development of low carbon energy supply technologies; 2009, UKERC Energy 2050 Research Report No. 2.Search in Google Scholar

16. Yang, L, Xu, M, Yang, Y, Fan, J, Zhang, X. Comparison of subsidy schemes for carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) investment based on real option approach: evidence from China. Appl Energy 2019;255:11382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113828.Search in Google Scholar

17. Hasan, MMF, Boukouvala, F, Floudas, CA. Optimization of CO2 capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) supply chain networks. In: AIChE annual meeting in San Fransisco November 08; 2013b.Search in Google Scholar

18. Hasan, MMF, Boukouvala, F, First, EL, Floudas, CA. Nationwide, regional and statewide CO2 capture, utilization and sequestration supply chain network optimization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014;53:7489–506. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie402931c.Search in Google Scholar

19. Zhang, S, Liu, L, Zhang, L, Zhuang, Y, Du, J. An optimization model for carbon capture utilization and storage supply chain: a case study in Northeastern China. Appl Energy 2018;231:194–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.129.Search in Google Scholar

20. Klokk, O, Schreiner, PF, Pages-Bernaus, A, Tomasgard, A. Optimizing a CO2 value chain for the Norwegian continental shelf. Energy Pol 2010;38:6604–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.06.031.Search in Google Scholar

21. Kwak, Dh., Kim, JK. Techno-economic evaluation of CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) with the optimization of CO2 supply. Int J Greenh Gas Contr 2017;58:169–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.01.002.Search in Google Scholar

22. Sun, L, Chen, W. Development and application of a multi-stage CCUS source–sink matching model. Appl Energy 2017;185:1424–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.009.Search in Google Scholar

23. Tapia, JFD, Lee, JY, Ooi, REH, Foo, DCY, Tan, RR. Optimal CO2 allocation and scheduling in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. Appl Energy 2016;184:337–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.093.Search in Google Scholar

24. Ochoa Bique, A, Nguyen, TBH, Leonzio, G, Galanopoulos, C, Zondervan, E. Integration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen supply chains. Comput Aided Chem Eng 2018;43:1413–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64235-6.50247-3.Search in Google Scholar

25. Leonzio, G, Foscolo, PU, Zondervan, E. An outlook towards 2030: optimization and design of a CCUS supply chain in Germany. Comput Chem Eng 2019a;125:499–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.04.001.Search in Google Scholar

26. Leonzio, G, Foscolo, PU, Zondervan, E. Sustainable utilization and storage of carbon dioxide: analysis and design of an innovative supply chain. Comput Chem Eng 2019b;131:106569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.106569.Search in Google Scholar

27. Leonzio, G, Zondervan, E. Analysis and optimization of a carbon supply chain integrated to a power to gas plant in Italy. J Clean Prod 2020;269:122172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122172.Search in Google Scholar

28. Leonzio, G, Bogle, D, Foscolo, PU. Optimization of CCUS supply chains in the UK: a strategic role for emissions reduction. Chemical Engineering Research and Desing 2020;155:211–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2020.01.002.Search in Google Scholar

29. Yue, D, You, F. Integration of geological sequestration and microalgae biofixation supply chains for better greenhouse gas emission abatement. Chem Eng Trans 2015;45:487–92.Search in Google Scholar

30. Grossmann, IE, Guillen-Gosalbez, G. Scope for the application of mathematical programming techniques in the synthesis and planning of sustainable processes. Comput Chem Eng 2010;34:1365–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2009.11.012.Search in Google Scholar

31. Limleamthong, P, Guillen-Gosalbez, G. Rigorous analysis of Pareto fronts in sustainability studies based on bilevel optimization: application to the redesign of the UK electricity mix. J Clean Prod 2017;164:1602–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.134.Search in Google Scholar

32. Attia, AM, Ghaithan, AM, Duffuaa, SO. A multi-objective optimization model for tactical planning of upstream oil & gas supply chains. Comput Chem Eng 2019;128:216–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.06.016.Search in Google Scholar

33. Azadeh, A, Shafiee, F, Yazdanparast, R, Heydari, J, Fathabad, AM. Evolutionary multi-objective optimization of environmental indicators of integrated crude oil supply chain under uncertainty. J Clean Prod 2017;152:295–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.105.Search in Google Scholar

34. Ghaithan, AM, Attia, A, Duffuaa, SO. Multi-objective optimization model for a downstream oil and gas supply chain. Appl Math Model 2017;52:689–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2017.08.007.Search in Google Scholar

35. Razm, S, Nickel, S, Sahebi, H. A multi-objective mathematical model to redesign of global sustainable bioenergy supply network. Comput Chem Eng 2019;128:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.05.032.Search in Google Scholar

36. Cambero, C, Sowlati, T. Incorporating social benefits in multi-objective optimization of forest based bioenergy and biofuel supply chains. Appl Energy 2016;178:721–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.079.Search in Google Scholar

37. Roghanian, E, Cheraghalipour, A. Addressing a set of meta-heuristics to solve a multi-objective model for closed-loop citrus supply chain considering CO2 emissions. J Clean Prod 2019;239:118081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118081.Search in Google Scholar

38. Balaman, SY, Matopoulos, A, Wright, DG, Scott, J. Integrated optimization of sustainable supply chains and transportation networks for multi technology bio-based production: a decision support system based on fuzzy ε-constraint method. J Clean Prod 2018;172:2594–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.150.Search in Google Scholar

39. Mele, FD, Kostin, AM, Guill En-Gos Albez, G, Jim Enez, L. Multiobjective model for more sustainable fuel supply chains. A case study of the sugar cane industry in Argentina. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011;50:4939–58. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie101400g.Search in Google Scholar

40. Pinto-Varela, T, Barbosa-Povoa, APFD, Novais, AQ. Bi-objective optimization approach to the design and planning of supply chains: economic versus environmental performances. Comput Chem Eng 2011;35:1454–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.03.009.Search in Google Scholar

41. Resat, HG, Unsal, B. A novel multi-objective optimization approach for sustainable supply chain: a case study in packaging industry. Sustain Prod Consum 2019;20:29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.04.008.Search in Google Scholar

42. You, F, Tao, L, Graziano, DJ, Snyder, SW. Optimal design of sustainable cellulosic biofuel supply chains: multiobjective optimization coupled with life cycle assessment and input-output analysis. AIChE J 2012;58:1157–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.12637.Search in Google Scholar

43. Hwang, CL, Masud, ASM. Multiple objective decision making—methods and applications: a state-of-the-art survey. Berlin Heidelberg: Publisher Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2012.Search in Google Scholar

44. Marler, RT, Arora, JS. Survey of multi-objective optimization methods for engineering. Struct Multidiscip Optim 2004;26:369–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-003-0368-6.Search in Google Scholar

45. Thiele, L, Miettinen, K, Korhonen, PJ, Molina, J. A preference-based evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective optimization. Evol Comput 2019;17:411–36.10.1162/evco.2009.17.3.411Search in Google Scholar

46. Wang, H, Olhofer, M, Jin, Y. A mini-review on preference modeling and articulation in multi-objective optimization: current status and challenges. Complex Intell Syst 2017;3:233–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-017-0053-9.Search in Google Scholar

47. Köksalan, M, Karahan, I. An interactive territory defining evolutionary algorithm: iTDEA. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 2010;14:702–22. https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2010.2070070.Search in Google Scholar

48. Xidonas, P, Mavrotas, G, Askounis, D, Psarras, J. Multiple objectives in portfolio construction. Am J Finance Account 2009;1:239–55. https://doi.org/10.1504/ajfa.2009.026483.Search in Google Scholar

49. Haimes, Y, Lasdon, L, Wismer, D. On a Bicriterion formulation of the problems of integrated system identification and system optimization. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 1971;1:296–7.10.1109/TSMC.1971.4308298Search in Google Scholar

50. Mavrotas, G. Effective implementation of the e-constraint method in multi-objective mathematical programming problems. Appl Math Comput 2009;213:455–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2009.03.037.Search in Google Scholar

51. Miettinen, K. Nonlinear multiobjective optimization. Boston, MA, USA: Kluwer; 1999.10.1007/978-1-4615-5563-6Search in Google Scholar

52. Reza Norouzi, M, Ahmadi, A, Esmaeel Nezhad, A, Ghaedi, A. Mixed integer programming of multi-objective security constrained hydro/thermal unit commitment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014;29:911–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.020.Search in Google Scholar

53. Rezvani, A, Gandomkar, M, Izadbakhsh, M, Ahmadi, A. Environmental/economic scheduling of a micro-grid with renewable energy resources. J Clean Prod 2015;87:216–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.088.Search in Google Scholar

54. Cucek, L, Varbanov, PS, Klemeš, JJ, Kravanja, Z. Total footprints-based multicriteria optimisation of regional biomass energy supply chains. Energy 2012;44:135–45.10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.040Search in Google Scholar

55. Mota, B, Gomes, MI, Carvalho, A, Barbosa-Povoa, AP. Towards supply chain sustainability: economic, environmental and social design and planning. J Clean Prod 2015;105:14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.052.Search in Google Scholar

56. Santibañez-Aguilar, JE, González-Campos, JB, Ponce-Ortega, J, Serna-González, M, El-Halwagi, M. Optimal planning of a biomass conversion system considering economic and environmental aspects. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011;50:8558–70.10.1021/ie102195gSearch in Google Scholar

57. Brisset, S, Gillon, F. Approaches for multi-objective optimization in the eco-design of electric systems, eco-friendly innovations in electricity transmission and distribution networks. Cambridge (UK): Elsevier; 2015.10.1016/B978-1-78242-010-1.00004-5Search in Google Scholar

58. Cohon, JL. Multiobjective programming and planning. New York: Academic Press; 2008.Search in Google Scholar

59. Avci, MG, Selim, H. A multi-objective, simulation-based optimization framework for supply chains with premium freights. Expert Syst Appl 2017;67:95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.09.034.Search in Google Scholar

60. Khorram, E, Zarepisheh, M, Ghaznavi-Ghosoni, BA. Sensitivity analysis on the priority of the objective functions in lexicographic multiple objective linear programs. Eur J Oper Res 2010;207:1162–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2010.05.016.Search in Google Scholar

61. van Elzakker, MAH, Maia, LKK, Grossmann, IE, Zondervan, E. Optimizing environmental and economic impacts in supply chains in the FMCG industry. Sustain Prod Consum 2017;11:68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2016.04.004.Search in Google Scholar

62. Ochoa Robles, MJ. Multi-objective optimization strategies for design and deployment of hydrogen supply chains [Ph.D. thesis]. Toulouse: INP Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse; 2018.Search in Google Scholar

63. Liu, S, Papageorgiou, LG. Multiobjective optimisation of production, distribution and capacity planning of global supply chains in the process industry. Omega 2013;41:369–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2012.03.007.Search in Google Scholar

64. Ogumerem, GS, Kim, C, Kesisoglou, I, Diangelakis, NA, Pistikopoulos, EN. A multi-objective optimization for the design and operation of a hydrogen network for transportation fuel. Chem Eng Res Des 2018;131:279–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.12.032.Search in Google Scholar

65. Kalyanarengan Ravi, N, Van Sint Annaland, M, Fransoo, JC, Grievink, J, Zondervan, E. Development and implementation of supply chain optimization framework for CO2 capture and storage in The Netherlands. Comput Chem Eng 2017;102:40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2016.08.011.Search in Google Scholar

66. Hasan, MMF, Baliban, RC, Elia, JA, Floudas, CA. Modeling, simulation, and optimization of postcombustion CO2 capture for variable feed concentration and flowrate. 1. Chemical absorption and membrane processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012a;51:15642–64. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie301571d.Search in Google Scholar

67. Hasan, MMF, Baliban, RC, Elia, JA, Floudas, CA. Modeling, simulation, and optimization of postcombustion CO2 capture for variable feed concentration and flow rate.2. Pressure swing adsorption and vacuum swing adsorption processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012b;51:15665–82. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie301572n.Search in Google Scholar

68. Nguyen, TBH, Zondervan, E. Development and comparison of two novel process designs for the selective capture of CO2 from different sources. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2018;6:4845–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04247.Search in Google Scholar

69. Nguyen, TBH, Reisemann, SG, Zondervan, E. Development of a conceptual process for CO2 capture from flue gases using ionic liquid. Comput Aided Chem Eng 2017;40:2623–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63965-3.50439-6.Search in Google Scholar

70. Serpa, J, Morbee, J, Tzimas, E. Technical and economic characteristics of a CO2 transmission pipeline infrastructure; 2011.Search in Google Scholar

71. Broek, MVD, Brederode, E, Ramírez, A, Kramers, L, Kuip, MVD, Wildenborg, T, et al.. Environmental modelling & software designing a cost-effective CO2 storage infrastructure using a GIS based linear optimization energy model. Environ Model Software 2010;25:1754–68.10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.06.015Search in Google Scholar

72. Dahowski, R, Dooley, J, Davidson, C, Bachu, S, Gupta, N. A CO2 storage supply curve for North America. In: Greenhouse gas control technologies 7 proceedings of the 7th international conference on greenhouse gas control technologies 5– September 2004, Vancouver, Canada; 2005.Search in Google Scholar

73. Hendriks, CA. Carbon dioxide removal from coal-fired power plant. Utrecht, Netherlands: Department of Science, Technology, and Society, Utrecht University; 1994.10.1007/978-94-011-0301-5Search in Google Scholar

74. Kühn, M, Förster, A, Großmann, J, Lillie, J, Pilz, P, Reinicke, KM, et al.. The altmark natural gas field is prepared for the enhanced gas recovery pilot test with CO2. Energy Procedia 2013;37:6777–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.611.Search in Google Scholar

75. Ochoa Bique, A, Maia, LKK, La Mantia, F, Manca, D, Zondervan, E. Balancing costs, safety and CO2 emissions in the design of hydrogen supply chains. Comput Chem Eng 2019;129:106493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.06.018.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2020-11-03
Accepted: 2021-01-25
Published Online: 2021-05-03

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Influence of lime (CaO) on low temperature leaching of some types of bauxite from Guinea
  4. Ethnobotanical survey, phytoconstituents and antibacterial investigation of Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. bark, fruit and leaf extracts
  5. Catalytic properties of supramolecular polymetallated porphyrins
  6. Lignin-based polymers
  7. Bio-based polyhydroxyalkanoates blends and composites
  8. Biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)
  9. Repurposing tires – alternate energy source?
  10. Theoretical investigation of the stability, reactivity, and the interaction of methyl-substituted peridinium-based ionic liquids
  11. Polymeric membranes for biomedical applications
  12. Design of locally sourced activated charcoal filter from maize cob for wastewater decontamination: an approach to fight waste with waste
  13. Synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds from allenic and acetylenic nitriles and related compounds
  14. Magnetic measurement methods to probe nanoparticle–matrix interactions
  15. Health and exposure risk assessment of heavy metals in rainwater samples from selected locations in Rivers State, Nigeria
  16. Evaluation of raw, treated and effluent water quality from selected water treatment plants: a case study of Lagos Water Corporation
  17. A chemoinformatic analysis of atoms, scaffolds and functional groups in natural products
  18. Hemicyanine dyes
  19. Thermodynamics of the micellization of quaternary based cationic surfactants in triethanolamine-water media: a conductometry study
  20. Compounds isolated from hexane fraction of Alternanthera brasiliensis show synergistic activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  21. Internal structures and mechanical properties of magnetic gels and suspensions
  22. SPIONs and magnetic hybrid materials: Synthesis, toxicology and biomedical applications
  23. Magnetic field controlled behavior of magnetic gels studied using particle-based simulations
  24. The microstructure of magnetorheological materials characterized by means of computed X-ray microtomography
  25. Core-modified porphyrins: novel building blocks in chemistry
  26. Anticancer potential of indole derivatives: an update
  27. Novel drug design and bioinformatics: an introduction
  28. Multi-objective optimization of CCUS supply chains for European countries with higher carbon dioxide emissions
  29. Exergy analysis of an atmospheric residue desulphurization hydrotreating process for a crude oil refinery
  30. Development in nanomembrane-based filtration of emerging contaminants
  31. Supply chain optimization framework for CO2 capture, utilization, and storage in Germany
  32. Naturally occurring heterocyclic anticancer compounds
  33. Part-II- in silico drug design: application and success
  34. Advances in biopolymer composites and biomaterials for the removal of emerging contaminants
  35. Nanobiocatalysts and photocatalyst in dye degradation
  36. 3D tumor model – a platform for anticancer drug development
  37. Hydrogen production via water splitting over graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4 )-based photocatalysis
Downloaded on 12.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/psr-2020-0055/html
Scroll to top button