Health and exposure risk assessment of heavy metals in rainwater samples from selected locations in Rivers State, Nigeria

Daniel Omeodisemi Omokpariola; Patrick Leonard Omokpariola

doi:10.1515/psr-2020-0090

Article

Health and exposure risk assessment of heavy metals in rainwater samples from selected locations in Rivers State, Nigeria

Daniel Omeodisemi Omokpariola and Patrick Leonard Omokpariola

Published/Copyright: August 25, 2023

Published by

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Submit Manuscript Author Information

From the journal Physical Sciences Reviews Volume 8 Issue 8

Abstract

Rainwater has being getting popularity in use due to lack of portable water sources in Nigeria. The study seeks to evaluate the health and exposure risk assessment of heavy metals from the usage of rainwater from inhabitants of four oil producing area of Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 32 rainwater samples were collected from different sampling surfaces (ambient, zinc, aluminium, asbestos and stone-coated) to analyse for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) using inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrophotometer. Analysed concentration (mg/L) showed varying results across different sampling surfaces converted to average concentration (mg/kg) was below WHO/FAO recommended guideline with no issue associated. Health and Exposure risk assessment were performed on analysed results from rainwater samples as non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that HI value is less than 1.0 indicating no risk to population who consumes rainwater across different roofing surfaces in Rivers state. Carcinogenic risk assessment showed that chromium-VI were found to be the highest contributor to cancer risk across all sampling surfaces. Special treatment and regulations should be taken into consideration especially on stone-coated roof before administering to children, as they are prone to health issues due to developing immunity compared to adults.

Keywords: average daily intake; heavy metals concentration; Nigeria; Rivers State; risk assessment

Corresponding author: Daniel Omeodisemi Omokpariola, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, E-mail: omeodisemi@gmail.com

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Professor Ponnadurai Ramasami and other anonymous reviewers for their assistance. This research work was self-funded, as the authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

References

1. Mendez, CB, Klenzendorf, JB, Afshar, BR, Simmon, MT, Barret, ME, Kinney, KA, et al.. The effect of roofing material on the quality of harvested rainwater. Water Res 2011;45:2049–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Gikas, DG, Tsihrintizs, AV. Assessment of water quality of first-flush roof runoff and harvested rainwater. J Hydrol 2012;446-447:115–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydrol.2012.08.020.Search in Google Scholar

3. Živković, N, Takić, L, Djordjević, L, Djordjević, A, Mladenović-Ranisavljević, I, Golubović, T, et al.. Concentrations of heavy metal cations and a health risk assessment of sediments and river surface water: a case study from a Serbian mine. Pol J Environ Stud 2019;28:2009–20. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/89986.Search in Google Scholar

4. Spiridonov, V, Curic, M. Atmospheric chemistry. In: Fundamentals of metrology. Cham: Springer; 2021, 327–47pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52655-9_22.Search in Google Scholar

5. USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund, volume I: human health evaluation manual (Part E, supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment). Washington, DC, USA: USEPA; 2004.Search in Google Scholar

6. USEPA. Framework for metals risk assessment. Washington, DC 20460, USA: USEPA. EPA 120/R-07/001; 2007.Search in Google Scholar

7. Jaishankar, M, Anbalagan, TTN, Mathew, BB, Beeregowda, KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdispl Toxicol 2014;7:60–72. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

8. Giripunje, MD, Fulke, AB, Meshram, PU. Remediation techniques for heavy metals contamination in lakes: a mini review. CLEAN Soil Air Water 2015;43:1350–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400419.Search in Google Scholar

9. Gav, BL, Vesuwe, RN, Ijeomah, AO, Okoko, EE, Tor, PN, Tsaviv, JN. Determination of heavy metal concentrations of rainwater harvested from different roofing sheets in outskirt of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Asian J Chem Sci 2018;4:1–6. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2018/35442.Search in Google Scholar

10. Ebong, G, Joseph, E, Cyril, E, Samuel, E. Levels of inorganic contaminants in rainwater samples harvested from different rooftops in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. Int J 2012;3:152–7.Search in Google Scholar

11. Ahammed, F. A review of water-sensitive urban design technologies and practices for sustainable stormwater management. Sustain Water Res Manag 2017;3:269–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0093-8.Search in Google Scholar

12. Abdulla, F, Abdulla, C, Eslamian, S. Concept and technology of rainwater harvesting. In: Handbook of water harvesting and conservation: basic concepts and fundamentals. Wiley Online Library; 2021, 1–16pp.10.1002/9781119478911.ch1Search in Google Scholar

13. Sanjeeva, A, Puttaswamiah, SG. Influence of atmospheric deposition and roof materials on harvested rainwater quality. J Environ Eng 2018;144:04018121. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001460.Search in Google Scholar

14. Kirkpatrick, A. The Routledge handbook of world Englishes. Rouledge; 2020. http://vulms.vu.edu.pk/Courses/ENG506/Downloads/Andy.Kirkpatrick.The.Routledge.Handbook.of.World.Englishes.(Routledge.Handbook.in.Application.Linguistics).2010.pdf.10.4324/9780203849323Search in Google Scholar

15. UNESCO. Action plan Nigeria (PDF); 2012. http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/pdf/Nigeria.pdf [Accessed 03 May 2019].Search in Google Scholar

16. Braid, RN, Eaton, AD, Rice, EW, Bridgewater, L. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 23rd ed. Washington, DC. United States: Water Environment Federation. American Water Works Association; 2017.Search in Google Scholar

17. Kamunda, C, Mathuthu, M, Madhuku, M. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from wit-waters-rand gold mining basin, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2016;13:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070663.10.3390/ijerph13070663Search in Google Scholar

18. USEPA. Determination of metals by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) methods. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Methods SW846/3015/3050B/6010B. United States: National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Committee (NELAC); 2006.Search in Google Scholar

19. Mohammed, R, Zainudin, BH, Yaakob, AS. Method validation and determination of heavy metals in cocoa beans and cocoa products by microwave assisted digestion techniques with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020;303:125392.10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125392Search in Google Scholar

20. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment [EPA report]. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum; 2005a (EPA/630/P-03/001F). http://www2.epa.gov/osa/guidelines-carcinogen-risk-assessment.Search in Google Scholar

21. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Supplemental guidance for assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum; 2005b. EPA/630/R-03/003F https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/childrens_supplement_final.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

22. Nurchi, VM, Djordjevic, AB, Crisponi, G, Alexander, J, Bjorklund, G, Aaseth, J. Arsenic toxicity: molecular targets and therapeutics agents. Biomolecules 2020;10:235. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020235.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Hare, V, Chowdhary, P, Kumar, B, Sharma, DC, Baghel, VS. Arsenic toxicity and its remediation strategies for fighting the environmental threat. In: Bharagava, R, Chowdhary, P, editors. Emerging and eco-friendly approaches for waste management. Singapore: Springer; 2019, 143–70pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8669-4_8.Search in Google Scholar

24. Lai, YH, Ahmad, Y, Yusoff, I, Bong, CW, Kong, SY. Effects of roof pitch gradient and material to harvested rainwater quality. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2018;401:012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/401/1/012011.Search in Google Scholar

25. Lestari, E, Sofyan, M, Pamuji, B. Utilization of roof garden installation to reduce rainwater runoff in urban residential. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2020;852:012029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/852/1/012029.Search in Google Scholar

26. Shamelashvili, K, Ostrovska, S, Shatorna, V. The toxic effect of cadmium on living organism and its detoxification by zinc ions. Modern Sci 2020;3:150–7. https://doi.org/10.29254/2077-4214-2020-3-157-58-61.Search in Google Scholar

27. WHO. Guidelines for drinking water quality. Recommendation, 4th ed. New Delhi: AUBS Publishers; 2011b.Search in Google Scholar

28. WHO. Chromium in drinking water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2020.3.Search in Google Scholar

29. Nkwunonwo, UC, Odika, PO, Onyia, NI. A review of the health implication of heavy metals in food chain in Nigeria. Sci World J 2020;2020:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6594109.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

30. Ali, H, Khan, E. Assessment of potential toxic heavy metals and health risk in water, sediment and different fish species of River Kabul, Pakistan. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2018;24:2101–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1438175.Search in Google Scholar

31. Sun, H, Shi, B, Yang, F, Wang, D. Effects of sulfate on heavy metal release from iron corrosion scales in drinking water distribution system. Water Res 2017;114:69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.021.10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.021Search in Google Scholar

32. Xu, X, Shuming, L, Smith, K, Ciu, Y, Wang, Z. An overview on corrosion of iron and steel components in reclaiming water supply systems and the mechanism involved. J Clean Prod 2020;276:124079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124079.Search in Google Scholar

33. Rana, MN, Tangpong, J, Rahman, MM. Toxicodynamics of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic-induced kidney toxicity and treatment strategy: a mini review. Toxicol Rep 2018;5:704–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.012.10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.012Search in Google Scholar

34. Kasozi, KI, Namubiru, S, Kamugisha, R, Eze, ED, Tayebwa, DS, Ssempijja, F, et al.. Safety of drinking water from primary water sources and implications for the general public in Uganda. J Environ Public Health 2019;2019:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7813962.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

35. Chiroma, TM, Ebewele, RO, Hymore, K. Comparative assessment of heavy metal levels in soil, vegetables and urban grey waste water used for irrigation in Yola and Kano. Int Ref J Eng Sci 2014;3:1–9.Search in Google Scholar

36. Williams, PL, James, RC, Roberts, SM. Principles of toxicology environmental and industrial applications, 2nd ed. United States: Wiley-Interscience Publishers; 2014:1–495 pp.Search in Google Scholar

37. Al-Khatib, IA, Arafeh, GA, Al-Qutob, M, Jodeh, S, Hasan, A, Jodeh, D, et al.. Health risk associated with some trace and some heavy metals content of harvested rainwater in Yatta area, Palestine. Water 2019;11:238. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020238.Search in Google Scholar

38. Osarenotor, O, Imarhiagbe, EE. Health risk and quality assessment of non-roof harvested rainwater from oil producing community in Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 2020;192:169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8102-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Balamurugan, P, Kumar, P, Shankar, K, Nagavinothini, R, Vijayasurya, K. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of groundwater in southern part of Salem district in Tamilnadu, India. J Chil Chem Soc 2020;65:4697–707. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072020000104697.Search in Google Scholar

40. Abdallah, MAM. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in mollusca species and assessment of potential risks to human health. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2013;90:552–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-013-0959-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Published Online: 2023-08-25

You are currently not able to access this content.

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0090

Keywords for this article

average daily intake; heavy metals concentration; Nigeria; Rivers State; risk assessment