Why Americans Support Strict Counterterrorism Measures: Examining the Relationship between Concern about Terrorism and Public Support for Counterterrorism

References

Agerberg, M., and J. Sohlberg. 2021. “Personal Proximity and Reactions to Terrorism.” Comparative Political Studies 54 (14): 2512–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414021997162.Suche in Google Scholar

Aizpurua, E., A. J. Singer, L. F. Butler, N. L. Collier, and M. G. Gertz. 2017. “15 Years Later: Post 9/11 Support for Increased Security and Criminalizing Muslims.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 15 (4): 372–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2017.1385556.Suche in Google Scholar

Allhoff, F. 2018. “Liberty and Security: A Balanced Approach.” The University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law & Public Affairs 3: 53.Suche in Google Scholar

Altemeyer, B. 1996. The Authoritarian Specter. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Anderson, M. R. 2010. “Community Psychology, Political Efficacy, and Trust.” Political Psychology 31 (1): 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00734.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Arce, D., and T. Sandler. 2015. Counterterrorism: A Game-Theoretic Analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (2): 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704272863.Suche in Google Scholar

Auxier, B., L. Rainie, M. Anderson, A. Perrin, M. Kumar, and E. Turner. 2019. Americans and Privacy: Concerned, Confused and Feeling Lack of Control over Their Personal Information. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/11/15/americans-and-privacy-concerned-confused-and-feeling-lack-of-control-over-their-personal-information/.Suche in Google Scholar

Bandyopadhyay, S., T. Sandler, and T. Younas. 2011. “Foreign Aid as Counterterrorism Policy.” Oxford Economic Papers 63 (3): 423–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpq030.Suche in Google Scholar

Bapat, N. A. 2011. “Transnational Terrorism, US Military Aid, and the Incentive to Misrepresent.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (3): 303–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343310394472.Suche in Google Scholar

Bapat, N. A. 2019. Monsters to Destroy: Understanding the War on Terror. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780190061456.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar

Bernal, P. 2016. “Data Gathering, Surveillance and Human Rights: Recasting the Debate.” Journal of Cyber Policy 1 (2): 243–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2016.1228990.Suche in Google Scholar

Best, S. J., B. S. Krueger, and S. Pearson-Merkowitz. 2012. “Al Qaeda Versus Big Brother: Anxiety about Government Monitoring and Support for Domestic Counterterrorism Policies.” Political Behavior 34 (4): 607–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-011-9177-6.Suche in Google Scholar

Boydstun, A. E., J. T. Feezell, and R. A. Glazier. 2018. “In the Wake of a Terrorist Attack, Do Americans’ Attitudes Toward Muslims Decline?” Research & Politics 5 (4), https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018806391.Suche in Google Scholar

Braithwaite, A. 2013. “The Logic of Public Fear in Terrorism and Counter-terrorism.” Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 28 (2): 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-013-9126-x.Suche in Google Scholar

Carter, B., and E. M. Fay. 2019. “Responding to Terror: An Empirical Analysis of US Military Activity, Public Opinion, and Transnational Terrorism.” Journal of Applied Security Research 14 (2): 140–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2019.1581875.Suche in Google Scholar

Choi, S. W. 2021. “Immigration Policy and Terrorism: An Empirical Analysis.” Defence and Peace Economics 32 (3): 271–95, https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2019.1659577.Suche in Google Scholar

Christensen, D. A., and J. Aars. 2019. “Does Democracy Decrease Fear of Terrorism?” Terrorism and Political Violence 31 (3): 615–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1287700.Suche in Google Scholar

Christensen, T., P. Lægreid, and L. H. Rykkja. 2023. “How to Balance Individual Rights and Societal Security? The View of Civil Servants.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 46 (7): 1150–66, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1538187.Suche in Google Scholar

Craig, S. C., R. G. Niemi, and G. E. Silver. 1990. “Political Efficacy and Trust: A Report on the NES Pilot Study Items.” Political Behavior 12 (3): 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00992337.Suche in Google Scholar

Cruz, E., S. J. D’Alessio, and L. Stolzenberg. 2020. “Decisions Made in Terror: Testing the Relationship between Terrorism and Immigration.” Migration Studies 8 (4): 573–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnz014.Suche in Google Scholar

De Coninck, D. 2022. “Fear of Terrorism and Attitudes Toward Refugees: An Empirical Test of Group Threat Theory.” Crime & Delinquency 68 (4): 550–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720981898.Suche in Google Scholar

Davis, D. W. 2007. Negative Liberty: Public Opinion and the Terrorist Attacks on America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Suche in Google Scholar

Davis, D. W., and B. D. Silver. 2004. “Civil Liberties vs. Security: Public Opinion in the Context of the Terrorist Attacks on America.” American Journal of Political Science 48 (1): 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00054.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Deflem, M., and S. McDonough. 2015. “The Fear of Counterterrorism: Surveillance and Civil Liberties since 9/11.” Society 52 (1): 70–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-014-9855-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Dinev, T., P. Hart, and M. R. Mullen. 2008. “Internet Privacy Concerns and Beliefs About Government Surveillance: An Empirical Investigation.” The Journal of Strategic Information Systems 17 (3): 214–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2007.09.002.Suche in Google Scholar

Dinev, T., B. Masssimo, P. Hart, C. Christian, R. Vincenzo, and S. Ilaria 2005. “Internet Users, Privacy Concerns and Attitudes Towards Government Surveillance: An Exploratory Study of Cross-cultural Differences between Italy and the United States.” In: BLED 2005 Proceedings, 30.Suche in Google Scholar

Dunwoody, P. T., and S. G. McFarland. 2018. “Support for Anti-Muslim Policies: The Role of Political Traits and Threat Perception.” Political Psychology 39 (1): 89–106, https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12405.Suche in Google Scholar

Elmas, M. S. 2021. “Perceived Risk of Terrorism, Indirect Victimization, and Individual-Level Determinants of Fear of Terrorism.” Security Journal 34: 498–524, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00242-6.Suche in Google Scholar

Elvy, D. 2011. “Terrorism, Threat and Time: The Mediating Effect of Terrorist Threat on Public Willingness to Forego Civil Liberties.” In 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, 52–7. Piscataway: IEEE.10.1109/EISIC.2011.35Suche in Google Scholar

Fisk, K., J. L. Merolla, and J. M. Ramos. 2019. “Emotions, Terrorist Threat, and Drones: Anger Drives Support for Drone Strikes.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63 (4): 976–1000. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002718770522.Suche in Google Scholar

Gaibulloev, K., and T. Sandler. 2019. “What We Have Learned about Terrorism since 9/11.” Journal of Economic Literature 57 (2): 275–328. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181444.Suche in Google Scholar

Garcia, B. E., and N. Geva. 2016. “Security Versus Liberty in the Context of Counterterrorism: An Experimental Approach.” Terrorism and Political Violence 28 (1): 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2013.878704.Suche in Google Scholar

Gilliom, J. 2001. Overseers of the Poor: Surveillance, Resistance, and the Limits of Privacy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Godefroidt, A. 2023. “How Terrorism does (and does not) Affect Citizens’ Political Attitudes: a Meta-Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (7): 1150–66, https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12692.Suche in Google Scholar

Godefroidt, A., and A. Langer. 2020. “How Fear Drives Us Apart: Explaining the Relationship between Terrorism and Social Trust.” Terrorism and Political Violence 32 (7): 1482–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1482829.Suche in Google Scholar

Gross, K., P. R. Brewer, and S. Aday. 2009. “Confidence in Government and Emotional Responses to Terrorism after September 11, 2001.” American Politics Research 37 (1): 107–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x08319954.Suche in Google Scholar

Haner, M., M. M. Sloan, F. T. Cullen, A. Graham, C. Lero Jonson, T. C. Kulig, and Ö. Aydın. 2021. “Making America Safe Again: Public Support for Policies to Reduce Terrorism.” Deviant Behavior 42 (10): 1209–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1738638.Suche in Google Scholar

Haner, M., M. M. Sloan, F. T. Cullen, T. C. Kulig, and C. Lero Jonson. 2019. “Public Concern about Terrorism: Fear, Worry, and Support for Anti-muslim Policies.” Socius 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119856825.Suche in Google Scholar

Henderson-King, D., E. Henderson-King, B. Bolea, K. Koches, and A. Kauffman. 2004. “Seeking Understanding or Sending Bombs: Beliefs as Predictors of Responses to Terrorism.” Peace and Conflict 10 (1): 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1001_5.Suche in Google Scholar

Hetherington, M. J., and J. A. Husser. 2012. “How Trust Matters: The Changing Political Relevance of Political Trust.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (2): 312–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00548.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Hetherington, M., and E. Suhay. 2011. “Authoritarianism, Threat, and Americans’ Support for the War on Terror.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (3): 546–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00514.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Hetherington, M. J., and J. D. Weiler. 2009. Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511802331Suche in Google Scholar

Hodwitz, O., and S. King. 2023. “Modeling Public Policy: Influences on Terrorism and Public Opinion.” Journal of Applied Security Research 18 (2): 202–20, https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2021.2005503.Suche in Google Scholar

Holman, E. A., R. C. Silver, M. Poulin, J. Andersen, V. Gil-Rivas, and D. N. McIntosh. 2008. “Terrorism, Acute Stress, and Cardiovascular Health: A 3-year National Study Following the September 11th Attacks.” Archives of General Psychiatry 65 (1): 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.6.Suche in Google Scholar

Hoyle, R. H., and A. T. Panter. 1995. “Writing about Structural Equation Models.” In Structural Equation Modeling, Concepts, Issues, and Applications, edited by R. H. Hoyle, 158–76. New York: Sage Publications.Suche in Google Scholar

Hu, L. T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1–55, https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.Suche in Google Scholar

Huddy, L., and S. Feldman. 2011. “Americans Respond Politically to 9/11: Understanding the Impact of the Terrorist Attacks and Their Aftermath.” American Psychologist 66 (6): 455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024894.Suche in Google Scholar

Huddy, L., S. Feldman, G. Lahav, and C. Taber. 2004. “Fear and Terrorism: Psychological Reactions to 9/11.” In Framing Terrorism, edited by P. Norris, M. Kern, and M. Just, 255–78. Oxfordshire: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar

Huddy, L., S. Feldman, C. Taber, and G. Lahav. 2005. “Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (3): 593–608. https://doi.org/10.2307/3647734.Suche in Google Scholar

Huddy, L., N. Khatib, and T. Capelos. 2002. “Trends: Reactions to the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001.” Public Opinion Quarterly 66 (3): 418–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/341395.Suche in Google Scholar

Joslyn, M. R., and D. P. Haider‐Markel. 2007. “Sociotropic Concerns and Support for Counterterrorism Policies.” Social Science Quarterly 88 (2): 306–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00459.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, W., and T. Sandler. 2021. “Foreign Aid and Terrorist Groups: Incidents, Ideology, and Survival.” Public Choice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00866-7.Suche in Google Scholar

Klar, Y., D. Zakay, and K. Sharvit. 2002. “If I Don’t Get Blown Up...: Realism in Face of Terrorism in An Israeli Nationwide Sample.” Risk, Decision and Policy 7 (2): 203–19, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357530902000625.Suche in Google Scholar

Knack, S. F. 2000. Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from the United States, 2504. Washington D.C.: World Bank Publications.10.1596/1813-9450-2504Suche in Google Scholar

Lerner, J. S., R. M. Gonzalez, D. A. Small, and B. Fischhoff. 2003. “Effects of Fear and Anger on Perceived Risks of Terrorism: A National Field Experiment.” Psychological Science 14 (2): 144–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01433.Suche in Google Scholar

Lewis, C. W. 2005. “The Clash between Security and Liberty in the US Response to Terror.” Public Administration Review 65 (1): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00427.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Lyon, D. 2001. “Surveillance after September 11.” Sociological Research Online 6 (3): 116–21, https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.643.Suche in Google Scholar

Maniam, S. 2020. Americans Feel the Tensions between Privacy and Security Concerns. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/19/americans-feel-the-tensions-between-privacy-and-security-concerns/.Suche in Google Scholar

Metcalfe, C., and O. Hodge. 2018. “Empowering the Police to Fight Terrorism in Israel.” Criminology and Criminal Justice 18 (5): 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895817739664.Suche in Google Scholar

Misis, M. L., M. D. Bush, and N. Hendrix. 2017. “An Examination of College Students’ Fears about Terrorism and The Likelihood of A Terrorist Attack.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 9 (2): 125–38, https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2016.1187656.Suche in Google Scholar

Moore, K. 2002. “A Part of US or Apart from US?: Post-September 11 Attitudes toward Muslims and Civil Liberties.” Middle East Report 224 (2002): 32–5, https://doi.org/10.2307/1559421.Suche in Google Scholar

Nakhaie, R., and W. De Lint. 2013. “Trust and Support for Surveillance Policies in Canadian and American Opinion.” International Criminal Justice Review 23 (2): 149–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567713487207.Suche in Google Scholar

Norris, P., M. Kern, and M. Just. 2004. Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government and the Public. Oxfordshire: Routledge.10.4324/9780203484845Suche in Google Scholar

Pew Research Center. 2018. How Americans Have Viewed Government Surveillance and Privacy since Snowden Leaks. Fact Tank. Retrieved form https://pewrsr.ch/2JxzigS.Suche in Google Scholar

Pokalova, E. 2015. “Legislative Responses to Terrorism: What Drives States to Adopt New Counterterrorism Legislation?” Terrorism and Political Violence 27 (3): 474–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2013.809339.Suche in Google Scholar

Putnam, R. D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400820740Suche in Google Scholar

Reddick, C. G., A. T. Chatfield, and P. A. Jaramillo. 2015. “Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs: A Multi-Method Approach.” Government Information Quarterly 32 (2): 129–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.01.003.Suche in Google Scholar

Rix, M. 2006. “Australia’s Anti‐Terrorism Legislation: The National Security State and the Community Legal Sector.” Prometheus 24 (4): 429–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/08109020601030019.Suche in Google Scholar

Schildkraut, D. J. 2009. “The Dynamics of Public Opinion on Ethnic Profiling after 9/11: Results from a Survey Experiment.” American Behavioral Scientist 53 (1): 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338786.Suche in Google Scholar

Schuurman, B. 2013. “Defeated by Popular Demand: Public Support and Counterterrorism in Three Western Democracies, 1963–1998.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36 (2): 152–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2013.747072.Suche in Google Scholar

Sinclair, S., and A. LoCicero. 2010. “Do Fears of Terrorism Predict Trust in Government?” Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 2 (1): 57–68. https://doi.org/10.5042/jacpr.2010.0005.Suche in Google Scholar

Skitka, L. J., C. W. Bauman, N. P. Aramovich, and G. S. Morgan. 2006. “Confrontational and Preventative Policy Responses to Terrorism: Anger Wants a Fight and Fear Wants “Them” to Go Away.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 28 (4): 375–84. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2804_11.Suche in Google Scholar

Sloan, M. M., M. Haner, F. T. Cullen, A. Graham, E. Aydin, T. C. Kulig, and C. L. Jonson. 2021. “Using Behavioral Strategies to Cope with the Threat of Terrorism: A National-Level Study.” Crime & Delinquency 67 (12): 2011–42, 0011128720940984.10.1177/0011128720940984Suche in Google Scholar

Sturgis, P., N. Allum, S. Read, and R. Patulny. 2009. Social and Political Trust: A Longitudinal and Comparative Perspective. Paper Presented at the Understanding Population Trends and Processes Workshop Held at the University of Leeds between the 23rd and 25th March 2009. UK: University of Southampton.Suche in Google Scholar

Sun, I. Y., Y. Wu, and M. Poteyeva. 2011. “Arab Americans’ Opinion on Counterterrorism Measures: The Impact of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 34 (7): 540–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2011.578550.Suche in Google Scholar

Swire, P. P. 2003. “Efficient Confidentiality for Privacy, Security, and Confidential Business Information.” Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services 1: 273–310. https://doi.org/10.1353/pfs.2003.0007.Suche in Google Scholar

Swire, P., and L. Steinfeld. 2002. “Security and Privacy after September 11: The Health Care Example.” In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy, 1–13.10.1145/543482.543493Suche in Google Scholar

Tavits, M. 2006. “Making Democracy Work More? Exploring the Linkage between Social Capital and Government Performance.” Political Research Quarterly 59 (2): 211–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290605900204.Suche in Google Scholar

Valentino, N. A., T. Brader, E. W. Groenendyk, K. Gregorowicz, and V. L. Hutchings. 2011. “Election Night’s Alright for Fighting: The Role of Emotions in Political Participation.” The Journal of Politics 73 (1): 156–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381610000939.Suche in Google Scholar

Vasilopoulos, P., G. E. Marcus, N. A. Valentino, and M. Foucault. 2019. “Fear, Anger, and Voting for the Far Right: Evidence from the November 13, 2015 Paris terror Attacks.” Political Psychology 40 (4): 679–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513.Suche in Google Scholar

Vorsina, M., M. Manning, J. Sheppard, and C. M. Fleming. 2019. “Social Dominance Orientation, Fear of Terrorism and Support for Counter-terrorism Policies.” Australian Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2018.1552920.Suche in Google Scholar

Wolfendale, J. 2007. “Terrorism, Security, and the Threat of Counterterrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30 (1): 75–92.10.1080/10576100600791231Suche in Google Scholar

Woods, J. 2011. The 9/11 Effect: Toward a Social Science of the Terrorist threat. The Social Science Journal, 48 (1): 213–33.10.1016/j.soscij.2010.06.001Suche in Google Scholar

Young, J. K., and M. G. Findley. 2011. “Can Peace Be Purchased? A Sectoral-Level Analysis of Aid’s Influence on Transnational Terrorism.” Public Choice 149 (3–4): 365–81.10.1007/s11127-011-9875-ySuche in Google Scholar