Startseite Walnut leaf extract-based green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles via microwave irradiation and their characteristics assessment
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Walnut leaf extract-based green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles via microwave irradiation and their characteristics assessment

  • Kosar Sheikhlou , Somaiyeh Allahyari , Sima Sabouri , Yahya Najian und Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 9. Juni 2020
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Open Agriculture
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Agriculture Band 5 Heft 1

Abstract

Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) have predominant characteristics compared to that in their bulk usage due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. The walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract containing different bioactive compounds that act as reductant and stabilizing agents has been used for the green synthesis of the Se NPs. Influences of two synthetic variables, namely, the amount of selenium salt solution ranging from 15 to 25 mL and the amount of walnut leaf extract ranging from 1 to 5 mL, on broad emission peak (λmax) and absorbance of colloidal solutions having Se NPs were evaluated via the response surface methodology. Obtained results indicated that using microwave radiation (800 W for 4 min) and 5 mL of walnut leaf extract and 15 mL of selenium salt solution, Se NPs with λmax, absorbance, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values of 375 nm, 3.65% absorbance unit (a.u.), 208 nm, 0.206, and −24.7 mV were synthesized, which had high bactericidal activity toward Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The transmission electron microscopy analysis also indicated that spherical and monodispersed Se NPs with a mean particle size of 150 nm were formed using the walnut leaf extract.

Keywords: green synthesis; microwave heating; physicochemical properties; selenium nanoparticles; Walnut leaf

1 Introduction

Selenium, a nonmetal trace element, has gained more attention in pharmaceuticals and medicine areas due to its unique properties such as lower toxicity, higher antioxidant activity, anticarcinogenic, muscle functioning, antimicrobial activities, and progressive effect on thyroid metabolism (Fardsadegh et al. 2019). Selenium is found in the body of humans and animals in the form of seleno proteins, which plays a key role in enzymatic reactions and the synthesis of seleno enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (Fairweather-Tait et al. 2011).

Selenium in nanoscale has predominant characteristics compared to that in its bulk usage. These distinctive properties are related to the high surface-to-volume ratio and surface energy of the selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) (Prasad et al. 2013). Green fabrication of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) using different parts of plants (e.g., flower, leaf, stem and root) is a novel branch of nanobiotechnology. Infact, natural existed bioreductants and stabilizers in the plans, such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, proteins and enzymes, phenolic acids, flavonoids and polyphenols have key roles in the synthesis of NPs (Mohammadlou et al. 2016; Eshghi et al. 2018). However, compared to the physicochemical synthesis methods to fabricate inorganic NPs, green processes are time consuming, which can be fixed by fast heating methods such as hydrothermal and microwave radiation (Torabfam and Jafarizadeh-Malmiri 2017; Ghanbari et al. 2018). In fact, moving of the metal NPs is accelerated in the microwave electric field because they carry electrical charges (Eskandari-Nojedehi et al. 2016).

Walnut belongs to Juglandaceae family (Juglans genus), and Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of its more famous members (Hashemi-Seyede and Rafati 2015; Eshghi et al. 2018). It is believed that its leaf is the main source of healthcare bioactive components that are widely used in the treatment of several diseases such as antihemorrhoidal, antidiarrheic, antimicrobial (i.e., antifungal and antibacterial), and antiscrofulous (Pereira et al. 2007). The main bioactive compounds of the walnut leaf contain important phenolic components such as flavonoids and naphthoquinones. 3-Caffeoylquinic, 3-p-coumaroylquinic, and 4-p-coumaroylquinic acids are the major hydroxycinnamic acids that existed in the walnut leaf, and its main flavonoids are quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-xyloside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-pentoside, and kaempferol 3-pentoside derivatives (Hashemi-Seyede and Rafati 2015; Pereira et al. 2007; Eshghi et al. 2018). These bioactive components could be easily and effectively used in the synthesis of different inorganic NPs (Mohammadlou et al. 2017; Ahmadi et al. 2018; Eskandari-Nojedehi et al. 2018).

Due to the advantages of response surface methodology (RSM) over classical one-variable-at-a-time optimization, such as the generation of large amounts of information from a small number of experiments and the possibility of evaluating the interaction effect between the variables on the response, it is a suitable procedure to assess the relationships between the synthesized variables and the response variables of the formed NPs (Anarjan et al. 2014). RSM has several benefits compared to other statistical methods to reduce the number of experiment runs with adequate replications at the center point (Amirkhani et al. 2016; Ahdno and Jafarizadeh-Malmiri 2017).

Therefore, the main objectives of the present study were to (i) assess the potent uses of the walnut leaf extract in the green synthesis of Se NPs, (ii) model the fabrication process of Se NPs and optimize the synthesized parameters, namely, amounts of selenium salt solution and walnut leaf extract, based on RSM, to form Se NPs with minimum λmax, particle size and polydispersity index (PDI), and maximum absorbance and zeta potential values, and (iii) measure the physicochemical and antibacterial activities of the fabricated Se NPs using the obtained optimum values of the synthesized parameters under microwave radiation.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Walnut leaves were collected from a local garden in Tabriz, Iran. Na2SeO3, as selenium salt, was obtained from Merck Company (Darmstadt, Germany). Escherichia coli (PTCC 1270) and Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1112), as indexes of Gram negative, were obtained from microbial Persian Type Culture Collection (PTCC, Tehran, Iran). Nutrient agar, as culture media, was provided by Biolife Co. (Milan, Italy).

2.2 Walnut leaf extraction and Se NP formation

Walnut leaves were washed with tap water, dried, and powdered using domestic miller. One gram of the prepared powder was then added into 100 mL of the boiling water for 5 min. Finally, the mixture solution was cooled and filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper and subjected into a vacuum-Buchner funnel, and the filtrate was then kept in a bottle at dark (Fardsadegh and Jafarizadeh-Malmiri 2019). The previous study indicated that 10 mM selenium solution, by the addition of 0.263 g of Na2SeO3 in 100 mL of deionized water, could be mostly used in the formation of Se NPs (Fardsadegh et al. 2019). To fabricate the Se NPs, based on the obtained preliminary laboratory tests, 15–25 mL of Na2SeO3 solution and 1–5 mL of walnut leaf extract were mixed and then heated using a domestic microwave oven (MG2312w, LG Co., Seoul, South Korea) at fixed power and exposure time of 800 W and 4 min, respectively (Ahmadi et al. 2018; Eshghi et al. 2018).

2.3 Physicochemical analysis

The important functional groups in the walnut leaf were detected via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy using a Bruker Tensor 27  spectrometer (Bruker Co., Karlsruhe, Germany) in the 4,000–400 cm−1 region and using KBr pellets (Eshghi et al. 2018). The formation of Se NPs could be easily confirmed using a Jenway UV-Vis spectrophotometer 6705 (Cole-Parmer Co., Staffordshire, UK) due to the formation of NPs surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signal that can be revealed as a broad emission peak (λmax) in the wavelength ranging from 270 to 400 nm (Singh et al. 2014; Fardsadegh et al. 2019). Absorbance (% a.u.) of the samples at λmax could be related to the fabricated Se NP concentration. A dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyzer (Zetasizer Nano ZS; Malvern instruments, Worcestershire, UK) was employed to evaluate the PDI, particle size, particle size distribution, and zeta potential of the Se NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM CM120, Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with an acceleration voltage of 120 kV was employed to assess the morphology of the synthesized NPs (Ahmadi et al. 2019).

2.4 Antibacterial assay

The bactericidal activity of the made Se NPs toward both S. aureus and E. coli, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, respectively, was estimated via the well diffusion method as described by Eshghi et al. (2018). In fact, the bacterial species were inoculated on an NA media plate (90 mL in diameter) for 18–24 h at 37°C. A three- to five-well isolated colonies of the same morphological type were mixed in 10–15 mL of sterile normal saline solution. The bacterial suspension density was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard. This is equivalent to 1.5 × 108 colony forming units of bacteria in 1 mL of prepared inoculums. A total of 0.1 mL of that amount was spread on the surface of the solid NA plates, and a hole, with a diameter of 5 mm, was made in the solid agar. Then, 10 µL of the produced Se NPs solution was poured into the well and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized silver NPs was correlated with the diameter of the clear zone around the holes.

2.5 Design of experiments, optimization, and statistical analysis

Design of experiments, based on the central composite design (CCD), and RSM have been employed to assess the influences of the synthesized variables, including amounts of walnut leaf extract (X1, 1–5 mL) and amounts of Na2SeO3 solution (X2, 15–25 mL), on the absorbance value (Y, % a.u.) of the samples having made Se NPs. According to CCD, 13 experiments were performed (Table 1), with all these runs completed at 1 day (one block) (Jafarizadeh-Malmiri et al. 2012; Anarjan et al. 2014). The response variable (Y) was correlated with the synthesized variables (X1 and X2) using a second-order equation (equation (1)), where β0 is a constant and βi, βii, and βij are the main, quadratic, and interactive terms, respectively (Jafari et al. 2017).

(1)Y=β0+β1X1+β2X2+β11X12+β22X22+β12X1X2
R2 (coefficient of determination), R2-adj (adjusted coefficient of determination), and lack of fit (p-value) have been employed to estimate the fittingness of model based on the experimental data. Numerical and graphical (contour plot) optimizations were done to predict the exact amounts of selenium salt and walnut leaf extract to fabricate NPs with maximum concentration in the colloidal solution. For better visualization of the effects of synthesized parameters on the fabricated Se NP concentration, a three-dimensional surface plot has been established. The validation test with three replications has been done under the obtained synthesized conditions to confirm the accuracy of the generated model (Anarjan et al. 2011). The experimental design, data analysis, modeling, and optimization processes were completed using Minitab software (Minitab Inc., v. 16, PA, USA).
Table 1

CCD and response variables (predicted and experimental) for synthesis of Se NPs using walnut leaf extract

Sample no.Amount of leaf extract (mL)Amount of selenium walt (mL)λmax (nm)Absorbance (% a.u.)
ExperimentalPredicted
1320375**
24.4116.463783.283.30
33253761.801.85
41.5823.533771.761.71
53203772.072.11
63203752.152.11
73153762.932.91
85203763.994.01
93203772.112.11
103203762.112.11
111.5816.46377**
121203751.381.41
134.4123.533771.981.94
  1. *

    Missed data (out of range).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Main functional groups that existed in the walnut leaf extract

Figure 1 shows the FT-IR spectra for the walnut leaf extract. As this figure shows, there are four different peaks centered at 662.75, 1637.48, 2072.86, and 3454.87 cm−1. The two main peaks with high intensity placed at 3454.87 and 1637.48 cm−1 were related to the stretching vibrations of hydroxyl and amide groups, respectively. The hydroxyl groups play a main role in the reduction of selenium ions to their elements. This functional group could be found in the structure of polyphenol compounds and flavonoids, which were detected in the walnut extract by Eshghi et al. (2018). They also found that proteins and enzymes existed in the walnut leaf extract by observing the amide group (1637.48 cm−1), as shown in Figure 1, that was related to these biomolecules. In fact, proteins could excellently participate in the formation of Se NPs as a stabilizing agent.

Figure 1 FT-IR spectrum of walnut leaf extract.
Figure 1

FT-IR spectrum of walnut leaf extract.

3.2 Se NP synthesis by the walnut leaf extract

Literature have shown that the made Se NPs had λmax at UV-Vis wavelength ranging from 270 to 400 nm due to their SPR. SPR also caused color changes from yellow (before exposure into the microwave) to pale red (after accomplishing the Se NP synthesis) in the solution mixture containing walnut leaf extract and selenium salt. Figure 2 shows the color changes in the samples without and with Se NPs. As presented in Table 1, for all designed experiments based on different amounts of selenium salt and walnut leaf extract, those irradiated under microwave irradiation presented the λmax values ranging from 375 to 378 nm, indicating fabrication of Se NPs. Furthermore, the values of the absorbance for all the samples are given in Table 1. As summarized in this table, the absorbance varied from 1.38 to 4.12% a.u.

Figure 2 Color and appearance changes during the synthesis of Se NPs using the walnut leaf extract. The walnut leaf extract containing selenium salt before (a) and after (b) exposure to microwave irradiation.
Figure 2

Color and appearance changes during the synthesis of Se NPs using the walnut leaf extract. The walnut leaf extract containing selenium salt before (a) and after (b) exposure to microwave irradiation.

3.3 Model generation

According to the experimental values obtained for different runs, a second-order model was generated to show absorbance variation of colloidal solutions containing fabricated Se NPs as a function of the synthetic parameters, namely, amounts of the selenium salt and walnut leaf extract. Higher values of the absorbance can be directly interrelated to the concentration of fabricated Se NPs in the colloidal solution. Table 2 presents regression coefficients for all terms of the fitted equation with its R2 (0.9957), R2-adj (0.9903), and lack-of-fit p-value (0.075). The higher values for R2 and R2-adj and also p-value higher than 0.05 revealed that the generated model had efficient overall performance and accuracy (Anarjan et al. 2015; Nottagh et al. 2018). In addition, the statistical analysis revealed that only the quadratic effect of the walnut leaf extract had an insignificant (p > 0.05) effect on the absorbance of the colloidal solutions having Se NPs.

Table 2

Regression coefficients, R2, R2-adj, and lack of fit for the generated model

Regression coefficientAbsorbance (% a.u.)
β0 (constant)3.84299
β1 (main effect)1.65770
β2 (main effect)−0.36151
β11 (quadratic effect)−0.02302
β22 (quadratic effect)0.01098
β12 (interaction effect)−0.06098
R299.57
R2-adj99.03
Lack of fit (p-value)0.075

3.4 Effects of selenium salt and walnut leaf extract on formation of Se NPs

The effects of two independent and synthetic factors on the response variable (absorbance of the colloidal solutions containing fabricated Se NPs) are exhibited in Figure 3. As could be observed in this figure, at lower amounts of selenium salt, by increasing the concentration of walnut leaf extract, the absorbance increased. It seems that at lower amounts of selenium salt by increasing the amounts of walnut leaf extract, the concentration of bioreductants, presented in the extract, increased, which can reduce more amounts of the selenium ions into the Se NPs (Prasad et al. 2013). The achieved result was in line with the findings of Ahmadi et al. (2018) and Eskandari-Nojedehi et al. (2018), who reported that by increasing the amounts of the Aloe vera leaf extract and mushroom extract, at lower amounts of silver and gold salts, the concentration of the formed silver and gold NPs increased, respectively. The obtained results also illustrated that at higher amounts of selenium salt, by increasing the amounts of walnut leaf extract, insignificant changes were observed in the absorbance of the colloidal solutions. This result revealed that the interaction of two synthetic parameters had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the absorbance of the colloidal solutions having made Se NPs. This result was in line with the statistical analysis (Table 3), which illustrated that the interaction term had a significant effect on the absorbance.

Figure 3 Response surface plot for absorbance of the fabricated Se NP solution as a function of the amounts of walnut leaf extract and selenium salt.
Figure 3

Response surface plot for absorbance of the fabricated Se NP solution as a function of the amounts of walnut leaf extract and selenium salt.

Table 3

Significance probability (p-value) of regression coefficients in the second-order polynomial model

EffectsSymbolp-value
LinearX10.001
X20.012
QuadraticX120.17
X220.004
InteractionX1X20.001

To better visualize the optimum amounts of the selenium salt and walnut leaf extract, for the formation of Se NPs with higher absorbance (concentration), a two-dimensional contour plot for absorbance of the colloidal solutions containing Se NPs as a function of the synthetic parameters is shown in Figure 4. As this figure indicates, high values for the absorbance of the solutions were achieved at maximum and minimum amounts of the walnut leaf extract and selenium salt, respectively. Therefore, optimum synthetic conditions for the formation of Se NPs with high concentration would be obtained using 5 mL of walnut leaf extract and 15 mL of selenium salt. The generated model was predicted 3.65% a.u. for the absorbance of the colloidal solution prepared under these optimized conditions. Using the achieved optimized synthetic conditions, three additional experiments were accomplished, and the statistical analysis revealed an insignificant difference between the experimental and predicted values of the absorbance. The obtained result indicated the suitability of the fitted model to predict the absorbance value of the colloidal solutions containing formed Se NPs, which are prepared in the defined ranges for the amounts of walnut leaf extract and selenium salt. Fardsadegh et al. (2019) indicated that the synthesized Se NPs using 1.48 mL of Pelargonium zonale extract and 15 mL of Na2SeO3 solution had λmax and absorbance of 319 (nm) and 35.33 (% a.u.), respectively.

Figure 4 Contour plot for absorbance of the fabricated Se NP solution as a function of the amounts of walnut leaf extract and selenium salt.
Figure 4

Contour plot for absorbance of the fabricated Se NP solution as a function of the amounts of walnut leaf extract and selenium salt.

3.5 Physicochemical characteristics of the formed Se NPs using optimal synthesized conditions

Se NPs were fabricated under obtained optimum processing conditions and their physicochemical attributes were evaluated. The UV-Vis spectrum of the made Se NPs using optimal conditions is presented in Figure 5. As this figure shows, the obtained λmax for the solution containing Se NPs was achieved at 375 nm. The obtained data by DLS also revealed that the formed Se NPs under optimum synthetic conditions had particle size, PDI, and zeta potential values of 208 nm, 0.206, and −24.7 mV, respectively. The small value obtained for the PDI revealed that the synthesized Se NPs were monodispersed (Eskandari-Nojedehi et al. 2016). The particle size distribution of the fabricated Se NPs under optimum process conditions is shown in Figure 6. As observed in this figure, a sharp and narrow peak illustrated the formation of monodispersed Se NPs in the colloidal solution. The higher zeta potential value gained by the fabrication of Se NPs using the walnut leaf extract revealed that the Se NPs with high stability were formed. Several studies indicated that higher values of zeta potential (>+30 and <−30) for fabricated metal NPs could be correlated with their higher stability (Fritea et al. 2017; Torabfam and Jafarizadeh-Malmiri 2017). The TEM image of the formed Se NPs revealed that spherical and monodispersed Se NPs with a mean particle size of 150 nm were synthesized using the walnut leaf extract (Figure 7).

Figure 5 UV-Vis spectra of the mixture solution including Na2SeO3 and walnut leaf extract after synthesis with exposure to microwave irradiation under the obtained optimum synthesis conditions.
Figure 5

UV-Vis spectra of the mixture solution including Na2SeO3 and walnut leaf extract after synthesis with exposure to microwave irradiation under the obtained optimum synthesis conditions.

Figure 6 Particle size distribution of the fabricated Se NPs.
Figure 6

Particle size distribution of the fabricated Se NPs.

Figure 7 TEM image of the fabricated Se NPs using optimized synthesis parameters.
Figure 7

TEM image of the fabricated Se NPs using optimized synthesis parameters.

3.6 Antibacterial activity of the formed Se NPs using optimum synthesized conditions

The bactericidal activity of the fabricated Se NPs using optimal synthetic conditions toward S. aureus (A) and E. coli (B), with the diameter of created clear zones, is shown in Figure 8. E. coli and S. aureus are known as the indexes of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains (Mohammadlou et al. 2016; Torabfam and Jafarizadeh-Malmiri 2017). The obtained results illustrated that the formed Se NPs had the bactericidal activity toward both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. However, this effect was higher on the Gram-positive bacteria. The achieved results were consistent with the finding of Fardsadegh et al. (2019). They also reported that the bactericidal activity of the fabricated Se NPs using the Pelargonium zonale leaf extract on the S. aureus was higher than that on E. coli.

Figure 8 Created zones of inhibition within the plates inoculated with S. aureus (a) and E. coli (b).
Figure 8

Created zones of inhibition within the plates inoculated with S. aureus (a) and E. coli (b).

4 Conclusions

The main achieved results of the present work revealed the high green synthetic potential of the walnut leaf extract to fabricate Se NPs with high concentration and antibacterial activity and suitable physicochemical characteristics. Furthermore, microwave radiation effectively accelerated the fabrication of Se NPs within minimum processing time. On the other hand, RSM could be excellently modeled, optimized, and predicted the fabrication process parameters to form Se NPs with minimum particle size and PDI, and maximum stability, as manifested in the high zeta potential value. Synthesized Se NPs using the walnut leaf extract can be utilized in food and pharmaceutical supplements. However, the developed green fabrication technique in the present study can be easily employed in the synthesis of other useful metal and metal oxide NPs.

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  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Food Engineering Research Institute of the Sahand University of Technology for material support.

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Received: 2020-02-22
Revised: 2020-03-21
Accepted: 2020-03-28
Published Online: 2020-06-09

© 2020 Kosar Sheikhlou et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  11. Influence of Azospirillum brasilense associated with silicon and nitrogen fertilization on macronutrient contents in corn
  12. Effect of Christmas Island rock phosphate and rice straw compost application on soil phosphorus availability and maize (Zea mays L.) growth in a tropical acid soil of Kelantan, Malaysia
  13. The evolution of Romanian agritourism and the role of European Union subsidies in rural areas
  14. Assessment of crop farmers coping strategies to pastoralism/nomad activities in Nigeria
  15. Assessing yield stability in African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) performance using year effect
  16. Walnut leaf extract-based green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles via microwave irradiation and their characteristics assessment
  17. Evaluating the water productivity by Aquacrop model of wheat under irrigation systems and algae
  18. Micronutrients status of mango (Mangifera indica) orchards in Multan region, Punjab, Pakistan, and relationship with soil properties
  19. Molecular studies for drought tolerance in some Egyptian wheat genotypes under different irrigation systems
  20. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Ulva lactuca as a safe synthetic pesticide (in vitro)
  21. Development of SPE clean-up procedure for acrylamide determination from potato-based products by GC-MS/MS
  22. Insulative effect of plastic mulch systems and comparison between the effects of different plant types
  23. Trends and constraints in the production and utilization of cowpea leaves in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya
  24. Microbiome of abandoned agricultural and mature tundra soils in southern Yamal region, Russian Arctic
  25. Method of biochar application affects growth, yield and nutrient uptake of cowpea
  26. Identity gaps and negotiations among layers of young farmers: Case study in Indonesia
  27. Genetically modified crops in India: Experiments with Bt Cotton to explore the road ahead
  28. Effect of phyto-extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) and garlic (Allium sativum) on leaf spot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
  29. Influence of cellulose fibers on physicochemical properties of biodegradable films based on polysaccharide derivatives
  30. Do the determinants of food security differ in improved rice variety adoption? Evidence from Sierra Leone
  31. Assessment of yield components of some cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes using multivariate analysis such as path coefficients
  32. Microbiome of post-technogenic soils of quarries in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia)
  33. Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores in soils of some legumes and their response to varying concentrations of phosphorus application
  34. Baseline fertility status of a gravelly Alfisol in a derived savannah agro-ecological zone of Nigeria
  35. Effect of strain, sex and slaughter weight on growth performance, carcass yield and quality of broiler meat
  36. Palm oil plantation and cultivation: Prosperity and productivity of smallholders
  37. Seasonal normalized difference vegetation index responses to air temperature and precipitation in Baghdad
  38. Classification and geovisualization process of soil data using a web-based spatial information system
  39. Assessment of stakeholders’ contributions to livestock development in Delta State, Nigeria: Rural infrastructure intervention
  40. Linear and structural changes in rural space – the positive and problematic aspects (case of Latvia)
  41. Farmers’ responses to organic rice farming in Indonesia: Findings from central Java and south Sulawesi
  42. Interactive effects of Potato virus Y and Potato leafroll virus infection on potato yields in Uganda
  43. Adoption of agricultural practices with climate smart agriculture potentials and food security among farm households in northern Nigeria
  44. Green approach in gold, silver and selenium nanoparticles using coffee bean extract
  45. Value chain for agritourism products
  46. Trichoderma asperellum affects Meloidogyne incognita infestation and development in Celosia argentea
  47. Growth, chlorophyll content and productivity responses of maize to magnesium sulphate application in calcareous soil
  48. Gene action in low nitrogen tolerance and implication on maize grain yield and associated traits of some tropical maize populations
  49. Zambian farm blocks: A vehicle for increased private sector investments
  50. Farm size and its impact on land use: The case of the South African private wildlife industry
  51. Characterizing macropore structure of agrosoddy-podzolic soil using computed tomography
  52. Influence of priming on germination, development, and yield of soybean varieties
  53. Review Articles
  54. Zinc biofortification as an innovative technology to alleviate the zinc deficiency in human health: a review
  55. Biological management of allelopathic plant Parthenium sp.
  56. Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review
  57. Communication
  58. Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering
  59. Phylogenetic relationships among accessions in Citrus and related genera based on the insertion polymorphism of the CIRE1 retrotransposon
  60. Gamma radiosensitivity study on wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum)
  61. Special Issue on the 10th Circumpolar Agriculture Conference 2019
  62. Preface to the Special Issue on the 10th Circumpolar Agriculture Conference 2019
  63. Rumen bacterial community of young and adult of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District of Russia
  64. Carcass weight of Greenlandic lambs in relation to grazing area biomass
  65. Transnational cooperation to develop local barley to beer value chains
  66. Addition of biochar to acidic boreal podzolic soils enhances micronutrient availability and crop productivity
  67. Digitalisation in a local food system: Emphasis on Finnish Lapland
  68. Abandoned agricultural soils from the central part of the Yamal region of Russia: morphology, diversity, and chemical properties
  69. Fishing as an important source of food in the Arctic and subarctic zones of Yakutia
  70. Special Issue on the APA 2019 - 11th Triennial Conference
  71. Yield potential of sandponically produced sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) pre-basic seed for selected genotypes
  72. Monitoring with social media: Experiences from “integrating” WhatsApp in the M&E system under sweet potato value chain
  73. Breeding farmer and consumer preferred sweetpotatoes using accelerated breeding scheme and mother–baby trials
  74. Decentralised sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) vine multiplication in Lake Zone, Tanzania: Five years later
  75. Mineral fertilizer use in land-scarce conditions: Case of Rwanda
  76. Assessment of the roles and farmer-preferred traits of sweetpotato in a crop-livestock farming system in Rwanda: implications for breeding dual-purpose varieties
  77. A public–private partnership to speed up potato breeding
  78. Dietary acrylamide intake by potato crisps consumers: A case of Nairobi County
  79. Special Issue on ICESAT 2019
  80. Biochemical activity and bioassay on maize seedling of selected indigenous phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolated from the acid soil ecosystem
  81. Identifying best parameters of particleboard bonded with dextrin-based adhesives
  82. Performance of rice paddy varieties under various organic soil fertility strategies
  83. Improved strength properties of LVL glued using PVAc adhesives with physical treatment-based Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis)
  84. Evaluation and possible mechanism of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) resistance to chlorpyrifos and their sensitivity to neem oil insecticides
  85. Fermented compost and N-fertilizer for enhancing the growth and productivity of purple eggplant on vertisols
  86. Bioactive peptide effect on brain activity identified by 2D brain mapping
  87. Shifting of microbial biodiversity and soil health in rhizomicrobiome of natural forest and agricultural soil
  88. Special Issue on CERNAS 2020
  89. Evaluation of consumer habits and knowledge about dietary fibre and fibre-rich products in Turkish population
  90. Evaluation of texture in jelly gums incorporating berries and aromatic plants
  91. Food choice motivations and perception of a healthy diet in a developing Mediterranean country
  92. The evolution of the milk sector in Portugal: Implications from the Common Agricultural Policy
  93. Energetic and exergetic analysis of a convective drier: A case study of potato drying process
  94. Cluster analysis to the factors related to information about food fibers: A multinational study
  95. Study of the drying kinetics and calculation of mass transfer properties in hot air drying of Cynara cardunculus
  96. Short food supply chains – a growing movement. The case study of the Viseu Dão Lafões Region
  97. Evaluation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in some edible flowers
  98. Chemical composition and study on liquefaction optimization of chestnut shells
  99. Is organic agriculture a potential public health indicator? Evidence from literature
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0024
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
green synthesis; microwave heating; physicochemical properties; selenium nanoparticles; Walnut leaf
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Synergistic and antagonistic effects of soil applied P and Zn fertilizers on the performance, minerals and heavy metal composition of groundnut
  3. The Analysis of Nutritional Habits of the Third Age Students in Poznań
  4. Biochar, poultry manure and NPK fertilizer: sole and combine application effects on soil properties and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) performance in a tropical Alfisol
  5. Nutritional and functional properties of maize-oyster mushroom (Zea mays-Pleurotus ostreatus) based composite flour and its storage stability
  6. Rural Folks Perception of Suicide Drivers in rural communities of Delta State, Nigeria: Implications for Societal and Agricultural Security
  7. Evaluation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties for Yield and Some Agronomic Traits
  8. Micropropagation, Callus Induction and Regeneration of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
  9. The impact of foliar feeding on the yield components of three winter rape morphotypes (Brassica napus L.)
  10. The effect of soil water content and biochar on rice cultivation in polybag
  11. Influence of Azospirillum brasilense associated with silicon and nitrogen fertilization on macronutrient contents in corn
  12. Effect of Christmas Island rock phosphate and rice straw compost application on soil phosphorus availability and maize (Zea mays L.) growth in a tropical acid soil of Kelantan, Malaysia
  13. The evolution of Romanian agritourism and the role of European Union subsidies in rural areas
  14. Assessment of crop farmers coping strategies to pastoralism/nomad activities in Nigeria
  15. Assessing yield stability in African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) performance using year effect
  16. Walnut leaf extract-based green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles via microwave irradiation and their characteristics assessment
  17. Evaluating the water productivity by Aquacrop model of wheat under irrigation systems and algae
  18. Micronutrients status of mango (Mangifera indica) orchards in Multan region, Punjab, Pakistan, and relationship with soil properties
  19. Molecular studies for drought tolerance in some Egyptian wheat genotypes under different irrigation systems
  20. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Ulva lactuca as a safe synthetic pesticide (in vitro)
  21. Development of SPE clean-up procedure for acrylamide determination from potato-based products by GC-MS/MS
  22. Insulative effect of plastic mulch systems and comparison between the effects of different plant types
  23. Trends and constraints in the production and utilization of cowpea leaves in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya
  24. Microbiome of abandoned agricultural and mature tundra soils in southern Yamal region, Russian Arctic
  25. Method of biochar application affects growth, yield and nutrient uptake of cowpea
  26. Identity gaps and negotiations among layers of young farmers: Case study in Indonesia
  27. Genetically modified crops in India: Experiments with Bt Cotton to explore the road ahead
  28. Effect of phyto-extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) and garlic (Allium sativum) on leaf spot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
  29. Influence of cellulose fibers on physicochemical properties of biodegradable films based on polysaccharide derivatives
  30. Do the determinants of food security differ in improved rice variety adoption? Evidence from Sierra Leone
  31. Assessment of yield components of some cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes using multivariate analysis such as path coefficients
  32. Microbiome of post-technogenic soils of quarries in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia)
  33. Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores in soils of some legumes and their response to varying concentrations of phosphorus application
  34. Baseline fertility status of a gravelly Alfisol in a derived savannah agro-ecological zone of Nigeria
  35. Effect of strain, sex and slaughter weight on growth performance, carcass yield and quality of broiler meat
  36. Palm oil plantation and cultivation: Prosperity and productivity of smallholders
  37. Seasonal normalized difference vegetation index responses to air temperature and precipitation in Baghdad
  38. Classification and geovisualization process of soil data using a web-based spatial information system
  39. Assessment of stakeholders’ contributions to livestock development in Delta State, Nigeria: Rural infrastructure intervention
  40. Linear and structural changes in rural space – the positive and problematic aspects (case of Latvia)
  41. Farmers’ responses to organic rice farming in Indonesia: Findings from central Java and south Sulawesi
  42. Interactive effects of Potato virus Y and Potato leafroll virus infection on potato yields in Uganda
  43. Adoption of agricultural practices with climate smart agriculture potentials and food security among farm households in northern Nigeria
  44. Green approach in gold, silver and selenium nanoparticles using coffee bean extract
  45. Value chain for agritourism products
  46. Trichoderma asperellum affects Meloidogyne incognita infestation and development in Celosia argentea
  47. Growth, chlorophyll content and productivity responses of maize to magnesium sulphate application in calcareous soil
  48. Gene action in low nitrogen tolerance and implication on maize grain yield and associated traits of some tropical maize populations
  49. Zambian farm blocks: A vehicle for increased private sector investments
  50. Farm size and its impact on land use: The case of the South African private wildlife industry
  51. Characterizing macropore structure of agrosoddy-podzolic soil using computed tomography
  52. Influence of priming on germination, development, and yield of soybean varieties
  53. Review Articles
  54. Zinc biofortification as an innovative technology to alleviate the zinc deficiency in human health: a review
  55. Biological management of allelopathic plant Parthenium sp.
  56. Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review
  57. Communication
  58. Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering
  59. Phylogenetic relationships among accessions in Citrus and related genera based on the insertion polymorphism of the CIRE1 retrotransposon
  60. Gamma radiosensitivity study on wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum)
  61. Special Issue on the 10th Circumpolar Agriculture Conference 2019
  62. Preface to the Special Issue on the 10th Circumpolar Agriculture Conference 2019
  63. Rumen bacterial community of young and adult of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District of Russia
  64. Carcass weight of Greenlandic lambs in relation to grazing area biomass
  65. Transnational cooperation to develop local barley to beer value chains
  66. Addition of biochar to acidic boreal podzolic soils enhances micronutrient availability and crop productivity
  67. Digitalisation in a local food system: Emphasis on Finnish Lapland
  68. Abandoned agricultural soils from the central part of the Yamal region of Russia: morphology, diversity, and chemical properties
  69. Fishing as an important source of food in the Arctic and subarctic zones of Yakutia
  70. Special Issue on the APA 2019 - 11th Triennial Conference
  71. Yield potential of sandponically produced sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) pre-basic seed for selected genotypes
  72. Monitoring with social media: Experiences from “integrating” WhatsApp in the M&E system under sweet potato value chain
  73. Breeding farmer and consumer preferred sweetpotatoes using accelerated breeding scheme and mother–baby trials
  74. Decentralised sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) vine multiplication in Lake Zone, Tanzania: Five years later
  75. Mineral fertilizer use in land-scarce conditions: Case of Rwanda
  76. Assessment of the roles and farmer-preferred traits of sweetpotato in a crop-livestock farming system in Rwanda: implications for breeding dual-purpose varieties
  77. A public–private partnership to speed up potato breeding
  78. Dietary acrylamide intake by potato crisps consumers: A case of Nairobi County
  79. Special Issue on ICESAT 2019
  80. Biochemical activity and bioassay on maize seedling of selected indigenous phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolated from the acid soil ecosystem
  81. Identifying best parameters of particleboard bonded with dextrin-based adhesives
  82. Performance of rice paddy varieties under various organic soil fertility strategies
  83. Improved strength properties of LVL glued using PVAc adhesives with physical treatment-based Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis)
  84. Evaluation and possible mechanism of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) resistance to chlorpyrifos and their sensitivity to neem oil insecticides
  85. Fermented compost and N-fertilizer for enhancing the growth and productivity of purple eggplant on vertisols
  86. Bioactive peptide effect on brain activity identified by 2D brain mapping
  87. Shifting of microbial biodiversity and soil health in rhizomicrobiome of natural forest and agricultural soil
  88. Special Issue on CERNAS 2020
  89. Evaluation of consumer habits and knowledge about dietary fibre and fibre-rich products in Turkish population
  90. Evaluation of texture in jelly gums incorporating berries and aromatic plants
  91. Food choice motivations and perception of a healthy diet in a developing Mediterranean country
  92. The evolution of the milk sector in Portugal: Implications from the Common Agricultural Policy
  93. Energetic and exergetic analysis of a convective drier: A case study of potato drying process
  94. Cluster analysis to the factors related to information about food fibers: A multinational study
  95. Study of the drying kinetics and calculation of mass transfer properties in hot air drying of Cynara cardunculus
  96. Short food supply chains – a growing movement. The case study of the Viseu Dão Lafões Region
  97. Evaluation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in some edible flowers
  98. Chemical composition and study on liquefaction optimization of chestnut shells
  99. Is organic agriculture a potential public health indicator? Evidence from literature
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