Assessment of paperboard large deformation at fold using digital image correlation technique
-
Babak Mirzaei
,
Arthur Thompson Johnson
Abstract
For coated paperboard with large deformations, there is limited knowledge on the mechanisms that lead to coating damage and on the key properties that affect damage. Large deformations produce complex non-linear mechanical responses which often result in significant internal damage. The objective of this work was to establish methods to directly measure local deformation at a fold using a stereo digital image correlation (DIC) technique and a folding device designed in-house. This allowed monitoring of deformation from both cross-section and surface views, from which curvature and strain could be analyzed. This approach allowed observation and quantification of the initiation and propagation of damage. Testing showed that elastic estimation of deformation is valid only at very small curvatures but is still qualitatively useful. It was found that CD fold line shows a lower strain than MD fold line at a given curvature, but it ultimately reaches a higher level of surface strain. Additionally, localized maximum surface strain was shown to correlate better with surface damage at fold than the average surface strain. Furthermore, the introduced discontinuity index can provide a useful tool to compare surface damage at fold even for paperboard samples with different thicknesses.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Alava, M. and Niskanen, K. (2006). The physics of paper. Rep. Prog. Phys. 69: 669–723, https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/69/3/r03.Suche in Google Scholar
Barbier, C., Larsson, P.L., and Östlund, S. (2002). Experimental investigation of damage at folding of coated papers. Nord. Pulp Pap Res. J. 17: 34–38a, https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2002-17-01-p034-038.Suche in Google Scholar
Breskvar, K., Ahtik, J., and Možina, K. (2021). Cracking phenomena of coatings on label papers. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 55: 289–297, https://doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.29.Suche in Google Scholar
Cavlin, S.I. (1988). The unique convertibility of paperboard. Packag. Technol. Sci. 1: 77–92, https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2770010206.Suche in Google Scholar
Coffin, D.W. and Nygårds, M. (2017). Creasing and folding. In: Transactions of the 16th fundamental research symposium, pp. 69–136.Suche in Google Scholar
Considine, J.M., Pierron, F., Turner, K.T., Lava, P., and Tang, X. (2017). Smoothly varying in-plane stiffness heterogeneity evaluated under uniaxial tensile stress. Strain 53: e12237, https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12237.Suche in Google Scholar
Govindasamy, G. and Jain, M.K. (2016). Assessment of analytical models of pure bending of sheet materials using the digital image correlation method. Strain 52: 191–204, https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12181.Suche in Google Scholar
Hauptmann, M., Kaulfürst, S., and Majschak, J.P. (2016). Advances on geometrical limits in the deep drawing process of paperboard. Bioresources 11: 10042–10056, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.4.10042-10056.Suche in Google Scholar
Kim, T.W., Lee, J.S., Kim, Y.C., Joo, Y.C., and Kim, B.J. (2019). Bending strain and bending fatigue lifetime of flexible metal electrodes on polymer substrates. Materials 12: 2490, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152490.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Mirzaei, B., Harksen, T., Smith, S., and Panek, J. (2021). Key material properties in crease cracking of kraft paper. Tappi J. 20: 81–89, https://doi.org/10.32964/tj20.2.81.Suche in Google Scholar
Mirzaei, B., Sinha, A., and Nairn, J.A. (2016). Measuring and modeling fiber bridging: application to wood and wood composites exposed to moisture cycling. Compos. Sci. Technol. 128: 65–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.03.017.Suche in Google Scholar
Najafi, S.M., Bousfield, D.W., and Tajvidi, M. (2019). Cracking at the fold in double layer coated paper: the influence of latex and starch composition. Tappi J. 18: 93–99, https://doi.org/10.32964/tj18.2.93.Suche in Google Scholar
Oh, K., Seo, D., Youn, H.J., Lee, Y.M., Yeu, S.U., and Lee, H.L. (2016). Effects of coating composition and folding direction on the fold cracking of coated paper. Nord. Pulp Pap Res. J. 31: 347–353, https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2016-31-02-p347-353.Suche in Google Scholar
Oh, K., Sim, K., Jung, Y.B., Youn, H.J., Lee, H.L., Lee, Y.M., and Yeu, S.U. (2015). Effect of coating binder on fold cracking of coated paper. Nord. Pulp Pap Res. J. 30: 361–368, https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2015-30-02-p360-367.Suche in Google Scholar
Pál, M., Dedijer, S., László, K., Gregor-Svetec, D., Cigula, T., Pavlović, Ž., and Milić-Keresteš, N. (2021). Fold cracking of coated papers: investigation on automated computer-aided visual assessment method. Nord. Pulp Pap Res. J. 36: 626–642, https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2021-0041.Suche in Google Scholar
Paluskiewicz, S.A. and Muhlstein, C.L. (2022). Mode I crack growth in paper exhibits three stages of strain evolution in reaching steady-state. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 118: 103279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2022.103279.Suche in Google Scholar
Panek, J.C. and Hart, P.W. (2022). Review of coating cracking and barrier integrity on paperboard substrates. Tappi J. 21: 589–603, https://doi.org/10.32964/tj21.11.589.Suche in Google Scholar
Panek, J.C., Smith, S.D., and Coffin, D.W. (2020). Creasing severity and reverse-side cracking. Tappi J. 19: 219–227, https://doi.org/10.32964/tj19.4.219.Suche in Google Scholar
Rättö, P., Hornatowska, J., Changhong, X., and Terasaki, O. (2011). Cracking mechanisms of clay-based and GCC-based coatings. Nord. Pulp Pap Res. J. 26: 485–492, https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2011-26-04-p485-492.Suche in Google Scholar
Taguchi, R., Akamatsu, N., Kuwahara, K., Tokumitsu, K., Kobayashi, Y., Kishino, M., Yaegashi, K., Takeya, J., and Shishido, A. (2021). Nanoscale analysis of surface bending strain in film substrates for preventing fracture in flexible electronic devices. Adv. Mater. Interfac. 8: 2001662, https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202001662.Suche in Google Scholar
Yoshihara, H., Yoshinobu, M., and Maruta, M. (2023). Bending stiffness and moment capacity of cardboard obtained from three-point and elastica bending tests. Nord. Pulp Pap Res. J. 38: 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2022-0087.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Biorefining
- Possible alternatives for using kraft lignin as activated carbon in pulp mills – a review
- Technical kraft lignin from coffee parchment
- Nitric acid-potassium hydroxide fractionation of rice straw: an integrated biorefinery initiative
- Paper technology
- The influence of fibrous suspension flow regimes on the formation of tissue paper manufactured from different furnish compositions
- Paper physics
- Assessment of paperboard large deformation at fold using digital image correlation technique
- Paper chemistry
- Response surface methodology optimization and antimicrobial activity of berberine modified trimethoprim carboxymethyl cellulose
- Packaging
- Addition of bentonite to cationic starch matrix for coating on kraftliner paper to improve grease resistance
- Recycling
- Changes in water-vapor-adsorption isotherms of pulp fibers and sheets during paper recycling, including drying of wet webs, and disintegration and sonication of dried sheets in water
- Determination of fines in recycled paper
- Disintegration of toilet papers used in shopping malls
- Nanotechnology
- Cryoslash as an effective pre-treatment to obtain nanofibrillated cellulose using ultra-fine friction grinder with kraft pulp
- Pre-treatment with calcium hydroxide and accelerated carbonation for cellulosic pulp fibrillation
- Chemical technology/modifications
- Study on manufacturing hot water-resistant PVOH coated paper by gas grafting palmitoyl chloride (II)–Control of palmitoyl chloride penetration by inorganic pigments coating
- Lignin
- Efficient and eco-friendly isolation and purification of lignin from black liquor with choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents
- Misc
- Flocculation of alkyl ketene dimer and calcium carbonate on paper sizing and filling performance
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Biorefining
- Possible alternatives for using kraft lignin as activated carbon in pulp mills – a review
- Technical kraft lignin from coffee parchment
- Nitric acid-potassium hydroxide fractionation of rice straw: an integrated biorefinery initiative
- Paper technology
- The influence of fibrous suspension flow regimes on the formation of tissue paper manufactured from different furnish compositions
- Paper physics
- Assessment of paperboard large deformation at fold using digital image correlation technique
- Paper chemistry
- Response surface methodology optimization and antimicrobial activity of berberine modified trimethoprim carboxymethyl cellulose
- Packaging
- Addition of bentonite to cationic starch matrix for coating on kraftliner paper to improve grease resistance
- Recycling
- Changes in water-vapor-adsorption isotherms of pulp fibers and sheets during paper recycling, including drying of wet webs, and disintegration and sonication of dried sheets in water
- Determination of fines in recycled paper
- Disintegration of toilet papers used in shopping malls
- Nanotechnology
- Cryoslash as an effective pre-treatment to obtain nanofibrillated cellulose using ultra-fine friction grinder with kraft pulp
- Pre-treatment with calcium hydroxide and accelerated carbonation for cellulosic pulp fibrillation
- Chemical technology/modifications
- Study on manufacturing hot water-resistant PVOH coated paper by gas grafting palmitoyl chloride (II)–Control of palmitoyl chloride penetration by inorganic pigments coating
- Lignin
- Efficient and eco-friendly isolation and purification of lignin from black liquor with choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents
- Misc
- Flocculation of alkyl ketene dimer and calcium carbonate on paper sizing and filling performance
