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Tensile testing of S690QL1 HSS welded joint heterogeneous zones using small scale specimens and indentation methods

  • Damir Tomerlin

    Damir Tomerlin, born in 1980, graduated Mechanical Engineering MSc, and then completed postgraduate specialist study in the J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod (MEFSB), Croatia, in 2018. He continued his studies at the University of Slavonski Brod, currently attending PhD in the Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod (MEFSB). He is the International Welding Engineer (IWE). His employment is related to the Energy and Defense industries. His main research areas are welding technology and materials, experimental mechanics, and fracture behavior of welded structures.

     ORCID logo EMAIL logo     , Dražan Kozak

    Prof. Dr. Dražan Kozak, born in 1967, graduated from J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod (MEFSB), Croatia, in 1991. He continued his studies at University of Zagreb, Croatia, where he completed his MSc and PhD in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture in 1995 and 2001, respectively. He was Dean of MEFSB in the period from 2009 to 2013. In 2014, he became Full Professor at MEFSB where he is Head of the Department for Mechanical Design today. His main research area is numerical and experimental analysis of fracture behavior of welded structures, especially pressure vessels and pipelines.

     ORCID logo     , Nenad Gubeljak

    Prof. Dr. Nenad Gubeljak, born in 1963, graduated as BSc from University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovenia, in 1988. He continued his studies in the same faculty and completed his PhD in April 1998. He spent a year as guest researcher at GKKS Research Center Geesthacht in Germany in the years 2000-2001. He is employed as Head of the Institute of Mechanics and Chair of Mechanics at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Maribor. His main research areas are fatigue and fracture testing, analysis of fracture behavior of welded joints, and structure integrity assessment.

     ORCID logo     and Ivan Pentek

    Ivan Pentek, born in 1994, graduated Mechanical Engineering MSc at University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering. In 2021, he continued his studies in the same faculty and currently attending PhD in Mechanical Engineering. In 2021, he became teaching assistant at Istrian University of Applied Sciences, and laboratory assistant at METRIS Research center. In the end of 2023, he became lecturer at Istrian University of Applied Sciences, and in year 2024, he became head of mechanical testing department at METRIS. His main research areas are material testing and nanocomposite development.

     ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: August 27, 2024
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Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 66 Issue 10

Abstract

The welded joints are structures with significant heterogeneity, indicated by their fundamental segmentation into base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ), and weld metal (WM). The heat affected zone, having width in millimeter scale for fusion welding processes, is further segmented into several characteristic regions, having differences in grain structure and size. The microstructural heterogeneity results in significant differences in mechanical properties of individual welded joint zones. Mechanical testing of such small material volumes is inconvenient, or even impossible, using the standard size specimens proposed in testing standards. Requirement to precisely position the specimens, even ones with subsize dimensions, and investigate mechanical properties of specific narrow HAZ regions presents certain challenge. This work investigates the X welded joint of S690QL1 grade high strength steel (HSS), welded with slightly overmatching filler metal. The material tensile properties are tested, using small scale specimens and indentation methods. Small scale specimens are ASTM E8 round tensile subsize and flat sheet mini tensile specimens (MTS). The indentation methods include hardness testing and profilometry-based indentation plastometry (PIP) method, to gain additional insights into material stress–strain behavior. Finally, paper evaluates the testing methods, comparatively processes the collected experimental data, and provides guidelines for heterogeneous structures testing.

Keywords: experimental testing; indentation testing; mini tensile specimen; small scale specimen; stress–strain; welded joint heterogeneity
Corresponding author: Damir Tomerlin, Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod, University of Slavonski Brod, Trg Ivane Brlić Mažuranić 2, HR-35000, Slavonski Brod, Croatia, E-mail:

About the authors

Damir Tomerlin

Damir Tomerlin, born in 1980, graduated Mechanical Engineering MSc, and then completed postgraduate specialist study in the J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod (MEFSB), Croatia, in 2018. He continued his studies at the University of Slavonski Brod, currently attending PhD in the Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod (MEFSB). He is the International Welding Engineer (IWE). His employment is related to the Energy and Defense industries. His main research areas are welding technology and materials, experimental mechanics, and fracture behavior of welded structures.

Dražan Kozak

Prof. Dr. Dražan Kozak, born in 1967, graduated from J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod (MEFSB), Croatia, in 1991. He continued his studies at University of Zagreb, Croatia, where he completed his MSc and PhD in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture in 1995 and 2001, respectively. He was Dean of MEFSB in the period from 2009 to 2013. In 2014, he became Full Professor at MEFSB where he is Head of the Department for Mechanical Design today. His main research area is numerical and experimental analysis of fracture behavior of welded structures, especially pressure vessels and pipelines.

Nenad Gubeljak

Prof. Dr. Nenad Gubeljak, born in 1963, graduated as BSc from University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovenia, in 1988. He continued his studies in the same faculty and completed his PhD in April 1998. He spent a year as guest researcher at GKKS Research Center Geesthacht in Germany in the years 2000-2001. He is employed as Head of the Institute of Mechanics and Chair of Mechanics at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Maribor. His main research areas are fatigue and fracture testing, analysis of fracture behavior of welded joints, and structure integrity assessment.

Ivan Pentek

Ivan Pentek, born in 1994, graduated Mechanical Engineering MSc at University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering. In 2021, he continued his studies in the same faculty and currently attending PhD in Mechanical Engineering. In 2021, he became teaching assistant at Istrian University of Applied Sciences, and laboratory assistant at METRIS Research center. In the end of 2023, he became lecturer at Istrian University of Applied Sciences, and in year 2024, he became head of mechanical testing department at METRIS. His main research areas are material testing and nanocomposite development.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from companies involved in welding, manufacturing of specimens, and experimental testing performed in the scope of this investigation. These functions include the welding of test plates (SIJ Ravne Systems, Slovenia), specimen machining (Čurkov, Croatia), ASTM E8 mechanical tensile testing and macro/micro images (Centar Metris, Croatia), hardness testing (TPK Zavod, Croatia), MTS mechanical tensile testing (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Slovenia), PIP testing (Plastometrex, Cambridge, UK).

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Research funding: None declared.

  5. Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

Nomenclature

Symbols

A5

percentage elongation after fracture

Agt

percentage total elongation at maximum force

E

Young’s modulus

HV10

Vickers hardness, 10 kg load

I

current

L

length

Q

welding heat input

Re

yield strength

Rm

tensile strength

R p0.2

0.2 % offset yield strength

U

voltage

vw

welding speed

L

length

M

weld strength mismatch factor

Δt8/5

Δt8/5 HAZ cooling time from 800°C to 500°C

ε

strain

ε0

characteristic strain

η

welding process efficiency

σ

stress

σS

saturation stress

σY

yield stress

Abbreviations

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

AWM

All-Weld Metal

BM

Base Metal

CGHAZ

Coarse-Grained Heat Affected Zone

EDWC

Electrical Discharge Wire Cutting

FEM

Finite Element Method

FGHAZ

Fine-Grained Heat Affected Zone

GMAW

Gas Metal Arc Welding

HAZ

Heat Affected Zone

HSS

High Strength Steel

ICHAZ

Intercritical Heat Affected Zone

MTS

Mini Tensile Specimen

OM

Overmatching

PIP

Profilometry-based Indentation Plastometry

QT

Quenching and Tempering

SCHAZ

Subcritical Heat Affected Zone

SEM

Scanning Electron Microscopy

UTS

Ultimate Tensile Strength

WM

Weld Metal

YS

Yield Strength

Appendix A: Tensile testing parameters datasets

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Published Online: 2024-08-27
Published in Print: 2024-10-28

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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  8. Influence of thinner flaked Al powder with larger diameter on the distribution of B4C particles and tensile properties of B4C/Al composite
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https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2024-0136
Keywords for this article
experimental testing; indentation testing; mini tensile specimen; small scale specimen; stress–strain; welded joint heterogeneity

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. A comparison of recent optimization algorithms for build orientation problems in additive manufacturing
  3. Enhancing the performance of a additive manufactured battery holder using a coupled artificial neural network with a hybrid flood algorithm and water wave algorithm
  4. Numerical study on surface treatment of vibration-impact composite electric spark based on ABAQUS
  5. ANN modeling of tincal ore dehydration
  6. Capacitive voltage effect at a resistive sintering system container and its electrical model
  7. Tensile testing of S690QL1 HSS welded joint heterogeneous zones using small scale specimens and indentation methods
  8. Influence of thinner flaked Al powder with larger diameter on the distribution of B4C particles and tensile properties of B4C/Al composite
  9. Hydrogen susceptibility of Al 5083 under ultra-high strain rate ballistic loading
  10. Mechanical and metallurgical properties of a glass fiber-reinforced Al7075 hybrid composite produced by infiltration and after aging and abrasion
  11. Rotating bending fatigue behavior of high-pressure diecast AlSi10MgMn alloy based on T5 heat treatment parameters
  12. Optimization of springback parameters of an aluminum 1050 alloy by V-bending
  13. Effect of Zr content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, electrochemical behavior, and biocompatibility of Mg–3Zn–xZr alloy using powder metallurgy
  14. Effect of concentration on PVA solutions and its usage in recycling carbon fiber/polyamide 12 prepregs
  15. Optimization of cutting parameters in manufacturing of polymeric materials for flexible two-phase thermal management systems
  16. Growth kinetics of Fe2B layer formed on the surface of borided AISI M2 high-speed steel
  17. Influence of strut angle and radius on the energy absorption and failure mechanisms in 3-strut, 4-strut and 6-strut lattice structures
  18. Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar resistance spot welded DC04 and HRP6222 (DD11) steels
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