Processing, microstructural characterization, and mechanical properties of deep cryogenically treated steels and alloys – overview
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Tushar Sonar
Dr. Tushar Sonar is working as a Senior Research Scientist in the Department of Welding Engineering, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. He completed his PhD Manufacturing Engineering (Welding) from Annamalai University in the year 2021. He is a recipient of the prestigious ISRO RESPOND research fellowship for the years 2017–2021. He has 8 years of research work experience. His research interest included welding and joining, additive manufacturing, surfacing, coating, corrosion, and high entropy alloys.
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Mikhail Ivanov
Prof. Mikhail Ivanov is working as a Head of the Department of Welding Engineering and Director of the Institution of Engineering and Technology at South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. He completed his PhD Technical sciences (Foundry) from South Ural State University in the year 2007. He is recipient of many prestigious awards in Russia including Gratitude of the Minister of Education and Science of the Chelyabinsk Region and Honorary Diploma of the Rector for active participation in the preparation of high-quality applications for competitions and grants. He has 17 years of teaching and research work experience. His research interests include welding and joining, hot tears, cold cracks, and simulation of welding phenomena.
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Jinyang Xu
Dr. Jinyang Xu is an associate professor and a doctoral supervisor of Mechanical Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. He was awarded the Shanghai Pujiang Scholar by the Shanghai Municipality in 2017. He received his Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering from Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France in the year 2017. His research interests focus on composites machining, numerical modeling, micro/nano cutting, and surface texturing. For his notable research in the field of materials processing & manufacturing, he was honored with the IAAM scientist medal of the year 2020 and received the best paper awards at the CJUMP2017 and the ISGMA2015 conferences.
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Muralimohan Cheepu
Dr. Muralimohan Cheepu is working as Research Manager in STARWELDS Inc. Busan, South Korea. He completed his PhD Mechanical Engineering (Welding) from Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea in the year 2018. He has received several honors, including best researcher from KWJS, trusted reviewer from the Institute of Physics in the UK, and best paper from materials and welding conferences. He has 11 years of work experience including industry and research. His research interests include welding and joining, additive manufacturing, automation, digitalization, and artificial intelligence.
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Karolina Prokop-Strzelczyńska
Dr. Eng. Karolina Prokop-Strzelczyńska is working as a Manufacturing Engineer at Boeing Company Poland. She completed her PhD in Mechanical Engineering (Welding) from Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland. She has 10 years of experience in teaching and Research. Her research interest included welding and joining, additive manufacturing, surfacing, coating, and corrosion.
Dr. Chinnasamy Rajendran is working as Associate Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed his PhD Manufacturing Engineering (Welding) from Annamalai University in the year 2017. He has 20 years of work experience including teaching and research. His research areas are metal joining, corrosion, composite materials, tribology, and additive manufacturing.
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Duraisamy Thirumalaikumarasamy
Dr. Duraisamy Thirumalaikumarasamy is working as Senior Assistant Professor in the Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed his PhD in Manufacturing Engineering (Coating and Surface Engineering) from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He has 19 years of work experience including teaching and industry. His research interests include coatings technology, corrosion, and materials characterization.
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Seerangan Ragu Nathan
Dr. Seerangan Ragu Nathan is working as Associate Professor in the Micromachining Research Center (MMRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. He completed his Ph.D. in Manufacturing Engineering (Coating and Surface Engineering) from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He has 13 years of work experience in teaching and Research. His research areas are materials joining, corrosion, composites, tribology, and additive manufacturing.
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Prabhuraj Parasuraman
Dr. Prabhuraj Parasuraman is working as Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Methodist College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. He completed his Ph.D. in Manufacturing Engineering (Materials Joining Technology) from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He has 20 years of work experience in teaching and Research. His research areas are aluminum alloys, friction stir welding, corrosion, and mechanical properties.
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Visvalingam Balasubramanian
Prof. Visvalingam Balasubramanian is working as Professor & Director of Center for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed his Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He has 28 years of teaching and research work experience. His areas of interest are materials joining, surface engineering, and nanomaterials.
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Igor Shcherbakov
Mr. Igor Shcherbakov is working as Senior Lecturer in the Department of Welding Engineering, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. He is pursuing his Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (Welding) from South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. He has 15 years of teaching and research work experience. His research interest includes welding and joining, mechanical behavior of materials, microstructure, and strength of welded joints.
Abstract
Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), a technique of deep subzero processing, is utilized after quenching and well preceding tempering. In DCT, the materials are subjected to a soaking period of typically 24 h at a temperature of −196 °C. The optimal soaking period varies depending on the material to be cryotreated. The microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials are significantly enhanced using DCT resulting in improved durability and functional performance of the mechanical components. The DCT is generally performed on tool steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys to improve its mechanical properties. The complete transition of residual austenite to martensite and finer secondary carbide precipitation correlates with an increase in the mechanical properties of tool steel. The nonferrous materials such as aluminum and magnesium alloys showed improved mechanical properties owing to the precipitation of finer second phases in the matrix. The main objective of this review paper is to provide an overview on the history and theories of DCT, important processing parameters, and the effect of DCT on microstructure and mechanical properties of tool steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys.
Funding source: The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Award Identifier / Grant number: FENU-2023-0013
About the authors
Dr. Tushar Sonar is working as a Senior Research Scientist in the Department of Welding Engineering, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. He completed his PhD Manufacturing Engineering (Welding) from Annamalai University in the year 2021. He is a recipient of the prestigious ISRO RESPOND research fellowship for the years 2017–2021. He has 8 years of research work experience. His research interest included welding and joining, additive manufacturing, surfacing, coating, corrosion, and high entropy alloys.
Prof. Mikhail Ivanov is working as a Head of the Department of Welding Engineering and Director of the Institution of Engineering and Technology at South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. He completed his PhD Technical sciences (Foundry) from South Ural State University in the year 2007. He is recipient of many prestigious awards in Russia including Gratitude of the Minister of Education and Science of the Chelyabinsk Region and Honorary Diploma of the Rector for active participation in the preparation of high-quality applications for competitions and grants. He has 17 years of teaching and research work experience. His research interests include welding and joining, hot tears, cold cracks, and simulation of welding phenomena.
Dr. Jinyang Xu is an associate professor and a doctoral supervisor of Mechanical Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. He was awarded the Shanghai Pujiang Scholar by the Shanghai Municipality in 2017. He received his Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering from Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France in the year 2017. His research interests focus on composites machining, numerical modeling, micro/nano cutting, and surface texturing. For his notable research in the field of materials processing & manufacturing, he was honored with the IAAM scientist medal of the year 2020 and received the best paper awards at the CJUMP2017 and the ISGMA2015 conferences.
Dr. Muralimohan Cheepu is working as Research Manager in STARWELDS Inc. Busan, South Korea. He completed his PhD Mechanical Engineering (Welding) from Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea in the year 2018. He has received several honors, including best researcher from KWJS, trusted reviewer from the Institute of Physics in the UK, and best paper from materials and welding conferences. He has 11 years of work experience including industry and research. His research interests include welding and joining, additive manufacturing, automation, digitalization, and artificial intelligence.
Dr. Eng. Karolina Prokop-Strzelczyńska is working as a Manufacturing Engineer at Boeing Company Poland. She completed her PhD in Mechanical Engineering (Welding) from Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland. She has 10 years of experience in teaching and Research. Her research interest included welding and joining, additive manufacturing, surfacing, coating, and corrosion.
Dr. Chinnasamy Rajendran is working as Associate Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed his PhD Manufacturing Engineering (Welding) from Annamalai University in the year 2017. He has 20 years of work experience including teaching and research. His research areas are metal joining, corrosion, composite materials, tribology, and additive manufacturing.
Dr. Duraisamy Thirumalaikumarasamy is working as Senior Assistant Professor in the Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed his PhD in Manufacturing Engineering (Coating and Surface Engineering) from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He has 19 years of work experience including teaching and industry. His research interests include coatings technology, corrosion, and materials characterization.
Dr. Seerangan Ragu Nathan is working as Associate Professor in the Micromachining Research Center (MMRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. He completed his Ph.D. in Manufacturing Engineering (Coating and Surface Engineering) from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He has 13 years of work experience in teaching and Research. His research areas are materials joining, corrosion, composites, tribology, and additive manufacturing.
Dr. Prabhuraj Parasuraman is working as Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Methodist College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. He completed his Ph.D. in Manufacturing Engineering (Materials Joining Technology) from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He has 20 years of work experience in teaching and Research. His research areas are aluminum alloys, friction stir welding, corrosion, and mechanical properties.
Prof. Visvalingam Balasubramanian is working as Professor & Director of Center for Materials Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed his Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He has 28 years of teaching and research work experience. His areas of interest are materials joining, surface engineering, and nanomaterials.
Mr. Igor Shcherbakov is working as Senior Lecturer in the Department of Welding Engineering, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. He is pursuing his Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (Welding) from South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. He has 15 years of teaching and research work experience. His research interest includes welding and joining, mechanical behavior of materials, microstructure, and strength of welded joints.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Research funding: This research work is funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Grant No. FENU-2023-0013).
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Data availability: The data that supports the findings of this study is available within the article.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Strain-life behavior of thick-walled nodular cast iron
- A novel bearing fault detection approach using a convolutional neural network
- Improved Gx40CrNi25-20 grade austenitic stainless steel
- Enhanced strength of (CoFeNiMn)100−xCrx (x = 5, 20, 35 at.%) high entropy alloys via formation of carbide phases produced from industrial-grade raw materials
- Modeling of thrust force and torque in drilling aluminum 7050
- Construction of amidinothiourea crosslinked graphene oxide membrane by multilayer self-assembly for efficient removal of heavy metal ions
- Effect of tool rotational speed on friction stir spot welds of AZ31B Mg alloy to AISI 304 stainless steel
- A new enhanced mountain gazelle optimizer and artificial neural network for global optimization of mechanical design problems
- Effect of particle volume fraction on wear behavior in Al–SiC MMC coated on DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 alloy
- Processing, microstructural characterization, and mechanical properties of deep cryogenically treated steels and alloys – overview
- Experimental and numerical investigation of patch effect on the bending behavior for hat-shaped carbon fiber composite beams
- Influence of water on microstructure and mechanical properties of a friction stir spot welded 7075-T651 Al alloy
- Effect of copper powder addition on the product quality of sintered stainless steels
- Mechanical and thermal properties of short banana fiber reinforced polyoxymethylene composite materials dependent on alkali treatment
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Strain-life behavior of thick-walled nodular cast iron
- A novel bearing fault detection approach using a convolutional neural network
- Improved Gx40CrNi25-20 grade austenitic stainless steel
- Enhanced strength of (CoFeNiMn)100−xCrx (x = 5, 20, 35 at.%) high entropy alloys via formation of carbide phases produced from industrial-grade raw materials
- Modeling of thrust force and torque in drilling aluminum 7050
- Construction of amidinothiourea crosslinked graphene oxide membrane by multilayer self-assembly for efficient removal of heavy metal ions
- Effect of tool rotational speed on friction stir spot welds of AZ31B Mg alloy to AISI 304 stainless steel
- A new enhanced mountain gazelle optimizer and artificial neural network for global optimization of mechanical design problems
- Effect of particle volume fraction on wear behavior in Al–SiC MMC coated on DIN AlZnMgCu1.5 alloy
- Processing, microstructural characterization, and mechanical properties of deep cryogenically treated steels and alloys – overview
- Experimental and numerical investigation of patch effect on the bending behavior for hat-shaped carbon fiber composite beams
- Influence of water on microstructure and mechanical properties of a friction stir spot welded 7075-T651 Al alloy
- Effect of copper powder addition on the product quality of sintered stainless steels
- Mechanical and thermal properties of short banana fiber reinforced polyoxymethylene composite materials dependent on alkali treatment
