Effects of coating, holding force, stretching height, yield stress, and surface roughness on springback of steel in the V-stretch bending test
-
Imene Abdedaim was born in 1985. She received a B.Sc. degree in Nature and Life Sciences in 2003, an Engineering degree in Device Technology in 2009, and an M.S. degree in Science and Technology in 2012. Currently, she is a Ph.D. student at the National Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics at the University of Ferhat Abbas in Algéria, Her research interests include forming and material behavior.
,
Abstract
Various types of defects can impact the mechanical or aesthetic properties of stamped sheets, and the phenomenon of springback (SB) is one of them. SB is complicated, and it is hard to simulate it precisely because it is related to many factors such as tooling geometry, material properties, friction, and boundary conditions. In this article, the SB of V-stretch bended samples with uncoated and coated steel is experimentally and numerically investigated. The steel samples are coated with a thin layer of several metals (zinc, tin, nickel, and chromium). This investigation takes into account the influence of various parameters such as the coating thickness, its roughness, the punch depth, the blank holding force (BHF), and the change in the material’s yield strength. A self-developed two-dimensional elastoplastic finite element code was developed using Abaqus/standard. In this work, we also show that the SB angle is smaller for uncoated sheet, higher BHF, higher surface roughness, lower coating thickness, lower stretching height, and lower yield strength.
About the author
Imene Abdedaim was born in 1985. She received a B.Sc. degree in Nature and Life Sciences in 2003, an Engineering degree in Device Technology in 2009, and an M.S. degree in Science and Technology in 2012. Currently, she is a Ph.D. student at the National Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics at the University of Ferhat Abbas in Algéria, Her research interests include forming and material behavior.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
[1] S. Chatti, “Choix d’un Algorithme Explicite Ou Implicite Pour La Simulation Du Retour Elastique,” in 19ème, Marseille, France, Congrès Français de Mécanique, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
[2] P. Sun, J. J. Grácio, and J. A. Ferreira, “Control system of a mini hydraulic press for evaluating springback in sheet metal forming,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 176, no. 1, pp. 55–61, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.02.009.Search in Google Scholar
[3] S. Saravanan, M. Saravanan, and D. Jeyasimman, “Study on effects of spring back on sheet metal bending using simulation methods,” Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng. Res. Dev., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 923–932, 2018.https://doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdapr2018106.Search in Google Scholar
[4] W. Meslameni and C. Ben, “Optimisation du retour élastique en pliage par les plans d’expérience,” in Proc.of the Tunisian Congress of Mechanics, A. Benamara, Ed., Hammamet , Tunisia, 2018.Search in Google Scholar
[5] B. Heller, S. Chatti, N. Ridane, and M. Kleiner, “Online-process control of air bending for thin and thick sheet metal,” J. Mech. Behav. Mater., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 455–462, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1515/JMBM.2004.15.6.455.Search in Google Scholar
[6] A. Mkaddem and D. Saidane, “Experimental approach and RSM procedure on the examination of springback in wiping-die bending processes,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 325–333, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.02.004.Search in Google Scholar
[7] L. Papeleux and J. P. Ponthot, “Finite element simulation of springback in sheet metal forming,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 125, no. 126, pp. 785–791, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00393-X.Search in Google Scholar
[8] L. Wei, Y. Yuying, X. Zhongwen, and Z. Lihong, “Springback control of sheet metal forming based on the response-surface method and multi-objective genetic algorithm,” Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 499, no. 1–2, pp. 325–328, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.11.121.Search in Google Scholar
[9] A. D. Anggono, W. A. Siswanto, and B. Omar, “Finite Element Simulation for Springback Prediction compensation,” Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 564–569, 2011, https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.1.5.114.Search in Google Scholar
[10] S. C. Spathopoulos and G. E. Stavroulakis, “Springback prediction in sheet metal forming, based on finite element analysis and artificial neural network approach,” J. Appl. Mech., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 97–110, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech1020007.Search in Google Scholar
[11] H. S. Kim and M. Koç, “Numerical investigations on springback characteristics of aluminum sheet metal alloys in warm forming conditions,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 204, no. 1–3, pp. 370–383, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.059.Search in Google Scholar
[12] S. W. Lee and D. Y. Yang, “An assessment of numerical parameters influencing springback in explicit finite element analysis of sheet metal forming process,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 80 – 81, pp. 60–67, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(98)00177-0.Search in Google Scholar
[13] E. H. Ouakdi, R. Louahdi, D. Khirani, and L. Tabourot, “Evaluation of springback under the effect of holding force and die radius in a stretch bending test,” Mater. Des., vol. 35, pp. 106–112, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.09.003.Search in Google Scholar
[14] I. Ragai, D. Lazim, and J. A. Nemes, “Anisotropy and springback in draw-bending of stainless steel 410: experimental and numerical study,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 116–127, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.08.007.Search in Google Scholar
[15] D. Zhang, Z. Cui, X. Ruan, and Y. Li, “An analytical model for predicting springback and side wall curl of sheet after U-bending,” Comput. Mater. Sci., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 707–715, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2006.05.001.Search in Google Scholar
[16] W. Ma, X. Zheng, T. Li, Y. Yao, S. Li, and H. Zhu, “Influence of process parameters on springback of S-shaped U-channel stamping,” in 2nd International Conference on Applied Mathematics, Modelling and Statistics Application, vol. 143, 2018, pp. 76–79, https://doi.org/10.2991/ammsa-18.2018.16.Search in Google Scholar
[17] M. D. Huang, C. Li, L. Fu, L. Li, and C. Liu, “Stamping Parameters Optimization of an AA5754 A-pillar by Response Surface methodology,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1063, no. 1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012187.Search in Google Scholar
[18] M. E. Erdin and A. Atmaca, “Effects of holding force on the springback behavior of annealed aluminum plates,” Proc. Eng., vol. 149, no. 6, pp. 56–61, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.638.Search in Google Scholar
[19] P. Chen and M. Koç, “Simulation of springback variation in forming of advanced high strength steels,” J. Mater. Proc. Technol., vol. 190, no. 1–3, pp. 189–198, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.02.046.Search in Google Scholar
[20] A. Maati, L. Tabourot, P. Balland, E. H. Ouakdi, M. Vautrot, and N. Ksiksi, “Constitutive modelling effect on the numerical prediction of springback due to a stretch-bending test applied on titanium T40 alloy,” Arch. Civil Mech. Eng., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 836–846, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2015.05.009.Search in Google Scholar
[21] D. Luo, “Selection of coatings for tribological applications,” Master thesis, China, Southwest Jiaotong University, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
[22] D. Vasudevan, R. Srinivasan, and P. Padmanabhan, “Effect of process parameters on springbackbehaviour during air bending of electrogalvanised steel sheet,” J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. A, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 183–189, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1000055.Search in Google Scholar
[23] K. C. Chan and S. H. Wang, “The effect of a coating on the springback of integrated circuit leadframes,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 116, no. 2–3, pp. 231–234, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)01048-2.Search in Google Scholar
[24] R. Srinivasan, D. Vasudevan, and P. Padmanabhan, “Application of response surface methodology for predicting springback in air bending of electro galvanised steel sheets,” Int. J. Mater. Eng. Innov., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 35–56, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMATEI.2013.052809.Search in Google Scholar
[25] T. R. Gupta and H. S. Payal, “Investigative Study on bending and Spring back of Electro galvanized Steel,” in Vth International Symposium on Fusion of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India, 2016.Search in Google Scholar
[26] M. S. Buang, S. A. Abdullah, and J. Saedon, “Effect of die gap and punch travel on springback in air V- bending process using Taguchi method,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 660, no. 9, pp. 317–321, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.317.Search in Google Scholar
[27] W. Rajhi, B. C. Labergère, H. Badreddine, K. Saanouni, and A. Rassineux, Simulation numérique de l ’ endommagement ductile d ’ aciers à hautes performances, Essais d ’ expansion et de pliage,in19 èmeCongrés Français de Mécanique, Marseille, France, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
[28] P. Le Grognec, A. Maati, L. Tabourot, P. Balland, and S. Belaid, “Influence of the material microstructural properties on a 3-point bending test,” Mech. Ind., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 501–529, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1051/meca/2020060.Search in Google Scholar
[29] L. Tabourot, P. Balland, L. Bizet, A. Maati, and V. Pouzols, Modélisation du comportement élasto-plastique des tôles par un modèle compartimenté, in11e colloque national en calcul des structures, France, Giens, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
[30] M. Özdemir, H. Dilipak, and B. Bostan, “Bülent, Numerically modeling spring back and spring go amounts and bending deformations of Cr-Mo alloyed sheet material,” Mater. Test., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 1265–1272, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111613.Search in Google Scholar
[31] J. E. Hoffmann, M. TSchmitt, D. Eifler, T. Beck, P. Klär, and M. Saumer, “Bending deformation and indentation hardness of electrochemically deposited nanocrystalline nickel-iron alloys,” Mater. Test., vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1041–1049, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111259.Search in Google Scholar
[32] D. Fei and P. Hodgson, “Experimental and numerical studies of springback in air v-bending process for cold rolled TRIP steels,” Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 236, no. 18, pp. 1847–1851, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.01.016.Search in Google Scholar
[33] G. Wang, G. Zhu, T. Li, and L. Kou, “Effect of heat treatment conditions on mechanical properties and springback of 6061 Aluminum alloy sheets,” Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 788, no. 1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab5d54.Search in Google Scholar
[34] M. Sanei and B. Manafi, “Influence of U-O bending process parameters on the friction coefficient,” Mater. Test., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 265–271, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110995.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Experimental and dynamic thermal numerical investigation of a climate test chamber
- Influence of high-temperature, high-pressure, and acidic conditions on the structure and properties of high-performance organic fibers
- Microstructure analysis and mechanical properties of electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB)-manufactured γ-titanium aluminide (TiAl) at elevated temperatures
- Microstructural evolution and impression creep properties of a lead-based alloy PbSn16Sb16Cu2
- Laser and TIG welding of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts
- Investigation of the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of steel components during thin-film hot-dip galvanizing
- Effects of coating, holding force, stretching height, yield stress, and surface roughness on springback of steel in the V-stretch bending test
- Gradient-based optimizer for economic optimization of engineering problems
- Failure investigation of a spline half-shaft in a loader rickshaw differential system
- Manta ray foraging optimization algorithm and hybrid Taguchi salp swarm-Nelder–Mead algorithm for the structural design of engineering components
- Effect of tool rotational speed and position on mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded dissimilar alloys AZ31B Mg and Al6061
- Effect of different joint angles on the mechanical strength of adhesive-bonded scarf and double butt–lap joints
- Buckling behavior of laminated composites with embedded delaminations
- Comparison of pull-out behavior of glass, basalt, and carbon rovings embedded in fine-grain concrete and geopolymer
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Experimental and dynamic thermal numerical investigation of a climate test chamber
- Influence of high-temperature, high-pressure, and acidic conditions on the structure and properties of high-performance organic fibers
- Microstructure analysis and mechanical properties of electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB)-manufactured γ-titanium aluminide (TiAl) at elevated temperatures
- Microstructural evolution and impression creep properties of a lead-based alloy PbSn16Sb16Cu2
- Laser and TIG welding of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts
- Investigation of the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of steel components during thin-film hot-dip galvanizing
- Effects of coating, holding force, stretching height, yield stress, and surface roughness on springback of steel in the V-stretch bending test
- Gradient-based optimizer for economic optimization of engineering problems
- Failure investigation of a spline half-shaft in a loader rickshaw differential system
- Manta ray foraging optimization algorithm and hybrid Taguchi salp swarm-Nelder–Mead algorithm for the structural design of engineering components
- Effect of tool rotational speed and position on mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded dissimilar alloys AZ31B Mg and Al6061
- Effect of different joint angles on the mechanical strength of adhesive-bonded scarf and double butt–lap joints
- Buckling behavior of laminated composites with embedded delaminations
- Comparison of pull-out behavior of glass, basalt, and carbon rovings embedded in fine-grain concrete and geopolymer
