Home Microstructural evolution and impression creep properties of a lead-based alloy PbSn16Sb16Cu2
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Microstructural evolution and impression creep properties of a lead-based alloy PbSn16Sb16Cu2

  • Duanzhi Wang , Yuan Qi , Dong Zhang , Baoyong Song , Zhongwen Pan , Yang Tong , Huifeng Kang and Wenzhong Han EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 9, 2022
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 64 Issue 5

Abstract

The impression creep behavior of a lead-based PbSn16Sb16Cu2 alloy was studied at stresses in the range from 15 to 30 MPa and temperatures in the range from 333 to 393 K. XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques were used to analyze microstructural evolutions of the alloy before and after creep at different impression creep conditions. Results show that, in the range of experimental conditions, the calculated stress exponent and the creep activation energy of the alloy are 4.12 and 60.56 kJ mol−1, respectively. Grain boundary diffusion-dominated dislocation climbing is the main impression creep mechanism of PbSn16Sb16Cu2 alloy. Creep rate increases and creep resistance decreases with the increase of temperature and stress, respectively. Two reasons dominate the creep process: first, Sn is largely precipitated from the solid solution in the matrix, which weakens the overall strength of the matrix during the creep process; second, as temperature and stress increase, the atoms are vibrated more fiercely by thermal energy, which results in a softening of the matrix and SnSb phase.

Keywords: creep mechanism; creep rate; impression creep; microstructural evolution; PbSn16Sb16Cu2 alloy
Corresponding author: Wenzhong Han, College of Aerospace Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, 065000, Hebei, China; and The Key Laboratory of Trans Air-water Media Aircraft, Langfang, 065000, Hebei, China, E-mail:

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: None declared.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

References

[1] E. Feyzullahoğlu, A. Zeren, and M. Zeren, “Tribological behaviour of tin-based materials and brass in oil lubricated conditions,” Mater. Des., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 714–720, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2007.02.018.Search in Google Scholar

[2] B. S. Ünlü, “Investigation of tribological and mechanical properties of metal bearings,” Bull. Mater. Sci., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 451–457, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-009-0066-0.Search in Google Scholar

[3] A. Zeren, E. Feyzullahoglu, and M. Zeren, “A study on tribological behaviour of tin-based bearing material in dry sliding,” Mater. Des., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 318–323, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2005.05.016.Search in Google Scholar

[4] M. Ö. Bora, O. Coban, T. Sinmazcelik, V. Günay, and M. Zeren, “Instrumented indentation and scratch testing evaluation of tribological properties of tin-based bearing materials,” Mater. Des., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 2707–2715, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.01.033.Search in Google Scholar

[5] B.S. Ünlü and E. Atik, “Evaluation of effect of alloy elements in copper based CuSn10 and CuZn30 bearings on tribological and mechanical properties,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 489, no. 1, pp. 262–268, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.09.068.Search in Google Scholar

[6] J. M. Wang, Y. W. Xue, W. H. Li, A. Z. Wei, and Y. F. Cao, “Study on creep characteristics of oil film bearing Babbitt,” Mater. Res. Innovations, vol. 18, no. sup2, pp. S2–S16–S2–21, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1179/1432891714Z.000000000490.Search in Google Scholar

[7] J. Zhou, B. Blair, J. Argires, and D. Pitsch, “Experimental performance study of a high speed oil lubricated polymer thrust bearing,” Lubricants, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3–13, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants3010003.Search in Google Scholar

[8] M. Kamal, A. El-Bediwi, A. R. Lashin, and A. H. El-Zarka, “Copper effects in mechanical properties of rapidly solidified Sn–Pb–Sb Babbitt bearing alloys,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 530, pp. 327–332, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.09.092.Search in Google Scholar

[9] M. Kamal, A. El-Bediwi, A. R. Lashin, and A. H. El-Zarka, “Room-temperature indentation creep and the mechanical properties of rapidly solidified Sn-Sb-Pb-Cu alloys,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 2084–2090, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2024-5.Search in Google Scholar

[10] C. M. Ettles, R. T. Knox, J. H. Ferguson, and D. Horner, “Test results for PTFE-faced thrust pads, with direct comparison against Babbitt-faced pads and correlation with analysis,” J. Tribol., vol. 125, no. 4, pp. 814–823, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1576427.Search in Google Scholar

[11] M. V. S. Babu, A. R. Krishna, and K. N. S. Suman, “Review of journal bearing materials and current trends,” Am. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 72–83, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7726/ajmst.2015.1006.Search in Google Scholar

[12] P. S. Patil and U. A. Dabade, “Selection of bearing material to comply RoHS regulations as per EU directive: a review,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 19, pp. 528–531, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.Search in Google Scholar

[13] A. R. Geranmayeh, G. Nayyeri, and R. Mahmudi, “Microstructure and impression creep behavior of lead-free Sn–5Sb solder alloy containing Bi and Ag,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 547, pp. 110–119, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.03.093.Search in Google Scholar

[14] F. Kabirian and R. Mahmudi, “Impression creep behavior of a cast AZ91 magnesium alloy,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 116–127, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9699-7.Search in Google Scholar

[15] G. Nayyeri and R. Mahmudi, “The microstructure and impression creep behavior of cast Mg-5Sn-xCa alloys,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 527, no. 7 – 8, pp. 2087–2098, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.11.053.Search in Google Scholar

[16] A. Zielinski, J. Dobrzanski, H. Purzynska, and G. Golanski, “Properties, structure and creep resistance of austenitic steel Super 304H,” Mater. Test., vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 859–865, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110791.Search in Google Scholar

[17] D. H. Sastry, “Impression creep technique—an overview,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 409, nos 1–2, pp. 67–75, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.05.110.Search in Google Scholar

[18] R. Alizadeh, R. Mahmudi, and T. G. Langdon, “Creep mechanisms in an Mg-4Zn alloy in the as-cast and aged conditions,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 564, pp. 423–430, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.089.Search in Google Scholar

[19] F. Yang and J. C. M. Li, “Impression test-A review,” Mater. Sci. Eng. R, vol. 74, no. 8, pp. 233–253, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2013.06.002.Search in Google Scholar

[20] M. E. Kassner, S. Nemat-Nasser, Z. Suo, et al., “New directions in mechanics,” Mech. Mater., vol. 37, nos 2–3, pp. 231–259, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2004.04.009.Search in Google Scholar

[21] R. Mahmudi, A. R. Geranmayeh, and M. Bakherad, “Indentation creep study of lead-free Sn-5%Sb solder alloy,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 457, nos 1–2, pp. 173–179, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.060.Search in Google Scholar

[22] S. Ansary, R. Mahmudi, and M. J. Esfandyarpour, “Creep of AZ31 Mg alloy: a comparison of impression and tensile behavior,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 556, pp. 9–14, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.052.Search in Google Scholar

[23] R. Mahmudi and A. Maraghi, “Shear punch creep behavior of cast lead-free solders,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 599, pp. 180–185, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.082.Search in Google Scholar

[24] M. D. Mathew, H. Yang, S. Movva, and K. L. Murty, “Creep deformation characteristics of tin and tin-based electronic solder alloys,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 99–105, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0142-z.Search in Google Scholar
Published Online: 2022-05-09
Published in Print: 2022-05-25

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Experimental and dynamic thermal numerical investigation of a climate test chamber
  3. Influence of high-temperature, high-pressure, and acidic conditions on the structure and properties of high-performance organic fibers
  4. Microstructure analysis and mechanical properties of electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB)-manufactured γ-titanium aluminide (TiAl) at elevated temperatures
  5. Microstructural evolution and impression creep properties of a lead-based alloy PbSn16Sb16Cu2
  6. Laser and TIG welding of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts
  7. Investigation of the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of steel components during thin-film hot-dip galvanizing
  8. Effects of coating, holding force, stretching height, yield stress, and surface roughness on springback of steel in the V-stretch bending test
  9. Gradient-based optimizer for economic optimization of engineering problems
  10. Failure investigation of a spline half-shaft in a loader rickshaw differential system
  11. Manta ray foraging optimization algorithm and hybrid Taguchi salp swarm-Nelder–Mead algorithm for the structural design of engineering components
  12. Effect of tool rotational speed and position on mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded dissimilar alloys AZ31B Mg and Al6061
  13. Effect of different joint angles on the mechanical strength of adhesive-bonded scarf and double butt–lap joints
  14. Buckling behavior of laminated composites with embedded delaminations
  15. Comparison of pull-out behavior of glass, basalt, and carbon rovings embedded in fine-grain concrete and geopolymer
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2143
Keywords for this article
creep mechanism; creep rate; impression creep; microstructural evolution; PbSn16Sb16Cu2 alloy

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Experimental and dynamic thermal numerical investigation of a climate test chamber
  3. Influence of high-temperature, high-pressure, and acidic conditions on the structure and properties of high-performance organic fibers
  4. Microstructure analysis and mechanical properties of electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB)-manufactured γ-titanium aluminide (TiAl) at elevated temperatures
  5. Microstructural evolution and impression creep properties of a lead-based alloy PbSn16Sb16Cu2
  6. Laser and TIG welding of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts
  7. Investigation of the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of steel components during thin-film hot-dip galvanizing
  8. Effects of coating, holding force, stretching height, yield stress, and surface roughness on springback of steel in the V-stretch bending test
  9. Gradient-based optimizer for economic optimization of engineering problems
  10. Failure investigation of a spline half-shaft in a loader rickshaw differential system
  11. Manta ray foraging optimization algorithm and hybrid Taguchi salp swarm-Nelder–Mead algorithm for the structural design of engineering components
  12. Effect of tool rotational speed and position on mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded dissimilar alloys AZ31B Mg and Al6061
  13. Effect of different joint angles on the mechanical strength of adhesive-bonded scarf and double butt–lap joints
  14. Buckling behavior of laminated composites with embedded delaminations
  15. Comparison of pull-out behavior of glass, basalt, and carbon rovings embedded in fine-grain concrete and geopolymer
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 7.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mt-2021-2143/html
Scroll to top button