Summary
The article scrutinizes the development of the forms of leadership in the Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece, questioning the traditional view that personal leadership as described in the Homeric epics (the ‚Homeric basileia‘) was the rule during the Early Iron Age, but was replaced in the Archaic period by collective aristocracies, and by tyrannies as a principally new kind of monarchy. The article questions the strict distinction between the ‚constitutional‘ forms of government like basileia and oligarchy, and tyrannis as an illegal break of the constitutional order. The Early Iron Age archaeology supplies no evidence for institutionalised and permanent personal leadership, and the Homeric epic, presenting a controversial vision of an ostensibly distant past, cannot be accepted as a reliable guide to the socio-political order of the Early Iron Age. The terms basileus and tyrannos were used largely synonymously until ca 400, demonstrating that the Archaic Greeks did not distinguish between legitimate basileia and illegal tyrannis in their contemporary world. The evidence, including the half-legendary accounts concerning particular poleis, suggests that the more or less firmly established monarchies emerged from the eighth century onwards. On the other hand, it infers constant tensions between competing elite groups striving for power, and the consequent fluctuation of the forms of government in the Archaic. The situation could have been similar during the Early Iron Age, which suggests that Early Iron Age Greeks were familiar with both collective and personal leadership. The emergence of tyrannies and collectively governed poleis can be seen as varying, alternative, ways of polity formation resulting from the quickening development and growing tensions from the eighth century onwards; the legitimacy of both depended on local circumstances. Tyranny appears not as a break of established aristocratic order, but as the monarchic form of elite leadership; the legitimacy of both depended on local circumstances. Tyranny appears as the monarchic form of elite leadership in the early polis, which proved, however, unacceptable in the long term as personal rule became increasingly regarded as an undesirable negation of consensual order.
Acknowledgment
The research has been supported by Estonian Science Foundation Grants 8669 and 8993. I wish to thank Janusz Peters for his help with my English text.
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© 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Basileus, tyrannos and polis. The Dynamics of Monarchy in Early Greece
- Alcaeus and Antimenidas: Reassessing the Evidence for Greek Mercenaries in the Neo-Babylonian Army
- Negotiation and Reconciliation. A new interpretation of the Athenian introduction of the Asklepios cult
- Mégabyze de Zopyros et le roi Artoxerxès Ier
- Conectividad mediterránea en el marco del conflicto mitridático
- The Role of Slave Markets in Migration from the Near East to Rome
- The workings of public opinion in the Late Roman Republic: the case study of corruption
- L’usurpazione di Silvano tra costrizione e brama di potere
- Law, Heresy and Judges under the Thedosian Dinasty
- Symmachus und die Ortsgebundenheit der Götter Roms
- Literaturkritik
- Martin A. Guggisberg (Hg.), Grenzen in Ritual und Kult der Antike. Internationales Kolloquium, Basel, 5.–6. November 2009
- Christian Mann, Militär und Kriegführung in der Antike
- Alan H. Sommerstein – Andrew J. Bayliss, Oath and State in Ancient Greece. With contributions by Lynn A. Kozak and Isabelle C. Torrance
- David F. Elmer, The Poetics of Consent. Collective Decision Making in the „Iliad“
- Lynette G. Mitchell, The Heroic Rulers of Archaic and Classical Greece
- Matteo D’Acunto, Il mondo del vaso Chigi. Pittura, guerra e società a Corinto alla metà del VII secolo a. C.
- Susanne Froehlich, Handlungsmotive bei Herodot
- Mirko Canevaro, The Documents in the Attic Orators. Laws and Decrees in the Public Speeches of the Demosthenic Corpus
- John Ma, Statues and Cities. Honorific Portraits and Civic Identity in the Hellenistic World
- Federicomaria Muccioli, Gli epiteti ufficiali dei re ellenistici
- Fred C. Woudhuizen, The Liber Linteus. A Word for Word Commentary to and Translation of the Longest Etruscan Text
- Martin Jehne – Christoph Lundgreen (Hgg.), Gemeinsinn und Gemeinwohl in der römischen Antike
- Juan Santos Yanguas – Gonzalo Cruz Andreotti (Hgg.), Romanización, Fronteras y Etnias en la Roma Antigua. El Caso Hispano
- Yelena Baraz, A Written Republic. Cicero’s Philosophical Politics
- Bernard Andreae, Römische Kunst von Augustus bis Constantin
- Ursula Kunnert, Bürger unter sich. Phylen in den Städten des kaiserzeitlichen Ostens
- Marco Maiuro, Res Caesaris. Ricerche sulla proprietà imperiale nel Principato
- Johannes Griebel, Der Kaiser im Krieg. Die Bilder der Säule des Marc Aurel
- Peter Eich – Eike Faber (Hgg.), Religiöser Alltag in der Spätantike
- Anna Leone, The End of the Pagan City. Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa
- Ulrich Gehn, Ehrenstatuen in der Spätantike. Chlamydati und Togati
- Manuela Studer-Karlen, Verstorbenendarstellungen auf frühchristlichen Sarkophagen
- Henning Börm, Westrom. Von Honorius bis Justinian
- Stefano Bocci, Ammiano Marcellino XXVIII e XXIX. Problemi storici e storiografici
- Sylvie Crogiez-Pétrequin – Pierre Jaillette (Hgg.), Société, économie, administration dans le Code Théodosien
- Richard Hingley, Hadrian’s Wall. A Life
- Florian Martin Müller (Hg.), Archäologische Universitätsmuseen und -sammlungen im Spannungsfeld von Forschung, Lehre und Öffentlichkeit
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Basileus, tyrannos and polis. The Dynamics of Monarchy in Early Greece
- Alcaeus and Antimenidas: Reassessing the Evidence for Greek Mercenaries in the Neo-Babylonian Army
- Negotiation and Reconciliation. A new interpretation of the Athenian introduction of the Asklepios cult
- Mégabyze de Zopyros et le roi Artoxerxès Ier
- Conectividad mediterránea en el marco del conflicto mitridático
- The Role of Slave Markets in Migration from the Near East to Rome
- The workings of public opinion in the Late Roman Republic: the case study of corruption
- L’usurpazione di Silvano tra costrizione e brama di potere
- Law, Heresy and Judges under the Thedosian Dinasty
- Symmachus und die Ortsgebundenheit der Götter Roms
- Literaturkritik
- Martin A. Guggisberg (Hg.), Grenzen in Ritual und Kult der Antike. Internationales Kolloquium, Basel, 5.–6. November 2009
- Christian Mann, Militär und Kriegführung in der Antike
- Alan H. Sommerstein – Andrew J. Bayliss, Oath and State in Ancient Greece. With contributions by Lynn A. Kozak and Isabelle C. Torrance
- David F. Elmer, The Poetics of Consent. Collective Decision Making in the „Iliad“
- Lynette G. Mitchell, The Heroic Rulers of Archaic and Classical Greece
- Matteo D’Acunto, Il mondo del vaso Chigi. Pittura, guerra e società a Corinto alla metà del VII secolo a. C.
- Susanne Froehlich, Handlungsmotive bei Herodot
- Mirko Canevaro, The Documents in the Attic Orators. Laws and Decrees in the Public Speeches of the Demosthenic Corpus
- John Ma, Statues and Cities. Honorific Portraits and Civic Identity in the Hellenistic World
- Federicomaria Muccioli, Gli epiteti ufficiali dei re ellenistici
- Fred C. Woudhuizen, The Liber Linteus. A Word for Word Commentary to and Translation of the Longest Etruscan Text
- Martin Jehne – Christoph Lundgreen (Hgg.), Gemeinsinn und Gemeinwohl in der römischen Antike
- Juan Santos Yanguas – Gonzalo Cruz Andreotti (Hgg.), Romanización, Fronteras y Etnias en la Roma Antigua. El Caso Hispano
- Yelena Baraz, A Written Republic. Cicero’s Philosophical Politics
- Bernard Andreae, Römische Kunst von Augustus bis Constantin
- Ursula Kunnert, Bürger unter sich. Phylen in den Städten des kaiserzeitlichen Ostens
- Marco Maiuro, Res Caesaris. Ricerche sulla proprietà imperiale nel Principato
- Johannes Griebel, Der Kaiser im Krieg. Die Bilder der Säule des Marc Aurel
- Peter Eich – Eike Faber (Hgg.), Religiöser Alltag in der Spätantike
- Anna Leone, The End of the Pagan City. Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa
- Ulrich Gehn, Ehrenstatuen in der Spätantike. Chlamydati und Togati
- Manuela Studer-Karlen, Verstorbenendarstellungen auf frühchristlichen Sarkophagen
- Henning Börm, Westrom. Von Honorius bis Justinian
- Stefano Bocci, Ammiano Marcellino XXVIII e XXIX. Problemi storici e storiografici
- Sylvie Crogiez-Pétrequin – Pierre Jaillette (Hgg.), Société, économie, administration dans le Code Théodosien
- Richard Hingley, Hadrian’s Wall. A Life
- Florian Martin Müller (Hg.), Archäologische Universitätsmuseen und -sammlungen im Spannungsfeld von Forschung, Lehre und Öffentlichkeit