Incretin-based therapies: advancements, challenges, and future directions in type 2 diabetes management
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Amruth A. Alluri
, Yashaswi Guntupalli
, Shruti Suresh Suvarna
, Yuliya Prystupa , Shrishti Prakash Khetan , Bharath Vejandla and Naraginti Lenin Babu Swathi
Abstract
Incretin-based medicines have considerably impacted the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), providing considerable advantages in glycemic regulation, weight control, and cardiovascular results. This narrative review examines progress in incretin medicines, encompassing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dual-receptor, and triple-receptor agonists, while emphasizing their therapeutic advantages, obstacles, and prospective developments. The examined articles were sourced from databases including PubMed and Google Scholar, concentrating on publications predominantly from 2010 to 2024. Selective foundational papers released before this timeline were incorporated to furnish critical historical context about incretin processes and their discovery. Incretin-based medicines, despite their therapeutic efficacy, encounter hurdles including elevated treatment costs, patient compliance difficulties, and variability in response attributable to genetic and physiological variables. Moreover, there are still deficiencies in comprehending the long-term cardiovascular safety and cancer risks linked to these medicines. Emerging dual- and triple-receptor agonists demonstrate potential in overcoming the shortcomings of conventional GLP-1 receptor agonists, providing enhanced metabolic results and broader uses in intricate disease profiles. Future research must concentrate on economic obstacles, streamlined regimens, customized medicine, the integration of artificial intelligence, patient stratification, as well as the safety and efficacy of incretin-based medicines for holistic management of T2DM.
Acknowledgments
All authors have ensured that all research was conducted ethically and without any undue influence from any external parties.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Navigating nephropathy and nephrotoxicity: understanding pathophysiology unveiling clinical manifestations, and exploring treatment approaches
- Incretin-based therapies: advancements, challenges, and future directions in type 2 diabetes management
- Point-of-care testing: revolutionizing clinical biochemistry using decentralized diagnostics
- The impact of heavy metals exposure on male fertility: a scoping review of human studies
- Glucagon in glucose homeostasis and metabolic disease: from physiology to therapeutics
- The efficacy of dietary supplements on health status and performance of football players: a systematic review
- Original Articles
- Factors affecting self-care in heart failure patients: a cross-sectional study
- Physiological regulation of moderate-intensity exercise in improving the biomarkers visfatin and myonectin as a modulator of increasing metabolic performance in obese
- A comparative study of heart rate variability (HRV) among adult hypertensive and normotensive subjects in the supine position
- Elevated seminal plasma leptin may correlate with varicocele presence and BMI
- Clinical significance of detectable blood lead and cadmium in the Sarno river basin population: results from the PREVES-STOP study
- Outcomes of systemic thrombolysis with reteplase in high-risk acute pulmonary embolism
- The pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailabilty of oral and subcutaneous semaglutide in healthy volunteers
- Short Communications
- Approaching a phenomenal contradiction in acid–base physiology
- Current trends and innovations in oral and maxillofacial surgery
- Letter to the Editor
- The need for quality certification for urological apps
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Navigating nephropathy and nephrotoxicity: understanding pathophysiology unveiling clinical manifestations, and exploring treatment approaches
- Incretin-based therapies: advancements, challenges, and future directions in type 2 diabetes management
- Point-of-care testing: revolutionizing clinical biochemistry using decentralized diagnostics
- The impact of heavy metals exposure on male fertility: a scoping review of human studies
- Glucagon in glucose homeostasis and metabolic disease: from physiology to therapeutics
- The efficacy of dietary supplements on health status and performance of football players: a systematic review
- Original Articles
- Factors affecting self-care in heart failure patients: a cross-sectional study
- Physiological regulation of moderate-intensity exercise in improving the biomarkers visfatin and myonectin as a modulator of increasing metabolic performance in obese
- A comparative study of heart rate variability (HRV) among adult hypertensive and normotensive subjects in the supine position
- Elevated seminal plasma leptin may correlate with varicocele presence and BMI
- Clinical significance of detectable blood lead and cadmium in the Sarno river basin population: results from the PREVES-STOP study
- Outcomes of systemic thrombolysis with reteplase in high-risk acute pulmonary embolism
- The pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailabilty of oral and subcutaneous semaglutide in healthy volunteers
- Short Communications
- Approaching a phenomenal contradiction in acid–base physiology
- Current trends and innovations in oral and maxillofacial surgery
- Letter to the Editor
- The need for quality certification for urological apps