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Glucagon in glucose homeostasis and metabolic disease: from physiology to therapeutics

  • Abdulbasit Amin and Toyin Mohammed Salman EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 5, 2025
Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
From the journal Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology Volume 36 Issue 2-3

Abstract

Glucagon, a key hormone in glucose homeostasis, plays a central role in maintaining blood glucose levels through hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Historically, glucagon secretion was believed to be primarily regulated by insulin via the “insulin switch-off” hypothesis, where reduced insulin levels triggered glucagon release. However, this view has been revisited as emerging evidence highlights the complexity of glucagon regulation. New studies demonstrate that glucose itself, along with amino acids and fatty acid oxidation, directly influences glucagon secretion, challenging the insulin-centric perspective. These findings reveal the metabolic versatility of pancreatic α-cells and their capacity to adapt to nutrient availability. Recent therapeutic innovations, such as glucagon receptor antagonists, dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists, and modulators of hepatic glucagon signalling, offer promising strategies to mitigate hyperglycemia, improve energy balance, and address metabolic dysregulation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of glucagon’s role in health and disease, emphasizing its therapeutic potential in managing diabetes and related metabolic conditions.

Keywords: diabetes; glucagon; glucose; homeostasis; hypoglycemia; insulin
Corresponding author: Toyin Mohammed Salman, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: Used to improve language.

  5. Conflict of interest: All other authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2025-01-06
Accepted: 2025-04-06
Published Online: 2025-05-05

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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  2. Reviews
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  5. Point-of-care testing: revolutionizing clinical biochemistry using decentralized diagnostics
  6. The impact of heavy metals exposure on male fertility: a scoping review of human studies
  7. Glucagon in glucose homeostasis and metabolic disease: from physiology to therapeutics
  8. The efficacy of dietary supplements on health status and performance of football players: a systematic review
  9. Original Articles
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  11. Physiological regulation of moderate-intensity exercise in improving the biomarkers visfatin and myonectin as a modulator of increasing metabolic performance in obese
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  17. Short Communications
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https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2025-0005
Keywords for this article
diabetes; glucagon; glucose; homeostasis; hypoglycemia; insulin

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Navigating nephropathy and nephrotoxicity: understanding pathophysiology unveiling clinical manifestations, and exploring treatment approaches
  4. Incretin-based therapies: advancements, challenges, and future directions in type 2 diabetes management
  5. Point-of-care testing: revolutionizing clinical biochemistry using decentralized diagnostics
  6. The impact of heavy metals exposure on male fertility: a scoping review of human studies
  7. Glucagon in glucose homeostasis and metabolic disease: from physiology to therapeutics
  8. The efficacy of dietary supplements on health status and performance of football players: a systematic review
  9. Original Articles
  10. Factors affecting self-care in heart failure patients: a cross-sectional study
  11. Physiological regulation of moderate-intensity exercise in improving the biomarkers visfatin and myonectin as a modulator of increasing metabolic performance in obese
  12. A comparative study of heart rate variability (HRV) among adult hypertensive and normotensive subjects in the supine position
  13. Elevated seminal plasma leptin may correlate with varicocele presence and BMI
  14. Clinical significance of detectable blood lead and cadmium in the Sarno river basin population: results from the PREVES-STOP study
  15. Outcomes of systemic thrombolysis with reteplase in high-risk acute pulmonary embolism
  16. The pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailabilty of oral and subcutaneous semaglutide in healthy volunteers
  17. Short Communications
  18. Approaching a phenomenal contradiction in acid–base physiology
  19. Current trends and innovations in oral and maxillofacial surgery
  20. Letter to the Editor
  21. The need for quality certification for urological apps
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