Abstract
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow between biological systems and the surroundings and is measured quantitatively. Energy flow can be affected by many variables, including lifestyle and exercise, where exercise comes in different types; endurance and resistance training play significant roles in enhancing bioenergetics and promoting health. In addition, a supplementary diet supports recovery and energy production. This review aims to study the effect of endurance training, resistance training, and supplement intake on the muscle cell’s bioenergetics. As a conclusion of the information presented in this mini-review, it was found that resistance, endurance training, and supplements can increase mitochondrial biogenesis, fat oxidation, myofibril synthesis, and increase VO2 max.
-
Research funding: Not applicable.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
-
Ethical approval: The local Institutional Review Board deemed the study exempt from review.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
References
1. Al-Menhali, AS, Banu, S, Angelova, PR, Barcaru, A, Horvatovich, P, Abramov, AY, et al.. Lipid peroxidation is involved in calcium dependent upregulation of mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020;1864:129487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129487.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Bajes, HR, Al-Dujaili, EA. Polyphenolic-rich fruits and supplements enhance exercise performance; general review. Jordan J Pharmaceut Sci 2017;10:135–51.Search in Google Scholar
3. Di Meo, S, Iossa, S, Venditti, P. Improvement of obesity-linked skeletal muscle insulin resistance by strength and endurance training. J Endocrinol 2017;234:R159–81. https://doi.org/10.1530/joe-17-0186.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Kestenbaum, B, Gamboa, J, Liu, S, Ali, AS, Shankland, E, Jue, T, et al.. Impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics and physical performance in chronic kidney disease. JCI Insight 2020;5:e133289. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.133289.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
5. Groennebaek, T, Vissing, K. Impact of resistance training on skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, content, and function. Front Physiol 2017;8:713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00713.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
6. Pham, T, MacRae, CL, Broome, SC, D’souza, RF, Narang, R, Wang, HW, et al.. MitoQ and CoQ10 supplementation mildly suppresses skeletal muscle mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide levels without impacting mitochondrial function in middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020;120:1657–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04396-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Kim, M-K, Tanaka, K, Kim, M-J, Matsuo, T, Ajisaka, R. Exercise training-induced changes in heart rate recovery in obese men with metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009;7:469–76. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2008.0086.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Shiraev, T, Barclay, G. Evidence based exercise – clinical benefits of high intensity interval training. Aust Fam Physician 2012;41:960–2.Search in Google Scholar
9. Moore, SC, Lee, IM, Weiderpass, E, Campbell, PT, Sampson, JN, Kitahara, CM, et al.. Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:816–25. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1548.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Wormgoor, SG, Dalleck, LC, Zinn, C, Harris, NK. Effects of high-intensity interval training on people living with type 2 diabetes: a narrative review. Can J Diabetes 2017;41:536–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.12.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Mousavi Gilani, SR, Khazaei Feizabad, A. The effects of aerobic exercise training on mental health and self-esteem of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Health Psychol Res 2019;7:6576. https://doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2019.6576.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
12. Matthews, CE, Moore, SC, Arem, H, Cook, MB, Trabert, B, Håkansson, N, et al.. Amount and intensity of leisure-time physical activity and lower cancer risk. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:686–97. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.19.02407.Search in Google Scholar
13. Gorzi, A, Rahmani, A, Mohammadi, Z, Neto, WK. Effects of different lengths of high-intensity interval training microcycles on the systemic and hippocampal inflammatory state and antioxidant balance of immature rats. Mol Biol Rep 2021;48:5003–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06484-w.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Simon, RM, Howard, L, Zapata, D, Frank, J, Freedland, SJ, Vidal, AC. The association of exercise with both erectile and sexual function in black and white men. J Sex Med 2015;12:1202–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12869.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Tamminen, N, Reinikainen, J, Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, K, Borodulin, K, Mäki-Opas, T, Solin, P. Associations of physical activity with positive mental health: a population-based study. Ment Health Phys Activ 2020;18:100319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100319.Search in Google Scholar
16. Services UDoHaH. Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Services UDoHaH; 2021.Search in Google Scholar
17. Rothschild, JA, Bishop, DJ. Effects of dietary supplements on adaptations to endurance training. Sports Med 2019;50:25–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01185-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Huertas, JR, Casuso, RA, Agustín, PH, Cogliati, S. Stay fit, stay young: mitochondria in movement: the role of exercise in the new mitochondrial paradigm. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019;2019:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7058350.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Geto, Z, Molla, MD, Challa, F, Belay, Y, Getahun, T. Mitochondrial dynamic dysfunction as a main triggering factor for inflammation associated chronic non-communicable diseases. J Inflamm Res 2020;13:97. https://doi.org/10.2147/jir.s232009.Search in Google Scholar
20. Zoladz, JA, Koziel, A, Woyda-Ploszczyca, A, Celichowski, J, Jarmuszkiewicz, W. Endurance training increases the efficiency of rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. Pflüeg Arch Eur J Physiol 2016;468:1709–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-016-1867-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
21. Balan, E, Schwalm, C, Naslain, D, Nielens, H, Francaux, M, Deldicque, L. Regular endurance exercise promotes fission, mitophagy, and oxidative phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle independently of age. Front Physiol 2019;10:1088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01088.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
22. Trewin, A, Berry, B, Wojtovich, A. Exercise and mitochondrial dynamics: keeping in shape with ROS and AMPK. Antioxidants 2018;7:7. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7010007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Donges, CE, Burd, NA, Duffield, R, Smith, GC, West, DWD, Short, MJ, et al.. Concurrent resistance and aerobic exercise stimulates both myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis in sedentary middle-aged men. J Appl Physiol 2012;112:1992–2001. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00166.2012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
24. Wilkinson, SB, Phillips, SM, Atherton, PJ, Patel, R, Yarasheski, KE, Tarnopolsky, MA, et al.. Differential effects of resistance and endurance exercise in the fed state on signalling molecule phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human muscle. J Physiol 2008;586:3701–17. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.153916.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
25. Porter, C, Reidy, PT, Bhattarai, N, Sidossis, LS, Rasmussen, BB. Resistance exercise training alters mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015;47:1922–31. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000605.Search in Google Scholar
26. Salvadego, D, Domenis, R, Lazzer, S, Porcelli, S, Rittweger, J, Rizzo, G, et al.. Skeletal muscle oxidative function in vivo and ex vivo in athletes with marked hypertrophy from resistance training. J Appl Physiol 2013;114:1527–35. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00883.2012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
27. Nielsen, J, Gejl, KD, Hey-Mogensen, M, Holmberg, H-C, Suetta, C, Krustrup, P, et al.. Plasticity in mitochondrial cristae density allows metabolic capacity modulation in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2016;595:2839–47. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp273040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
28. Greggio, C, Jha, P, Kulkarni, SS, Lagarrigue, S, Broskey, NT, Boutant, M, et al.. Enhanced respiratory chain supercomplex formation in response to exercise in human skeletal muscle. Cell Metabol 2017;25:301–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.11.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
29. Costa, JSR, Fonseca, GFAC, Ottone, NCDS, Silva, PA, Antonaccio, RF, Silva, G, et al.. Strength training improves insulin resistance and differently affects mitochondria in skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue in high-fat fed mice. Life Sci 2021;278:119639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119639.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
30. Gnoni, A, Longo, S, Gnoni, GV, Giudetti, AM. Carnitine in human muscle bioenergetics: can carnitine supplementation improve physical exercise? Molecules 2020;25:182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010182.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
31. Pooyandjoo, M, Nouhi, M, Shab-Bidar, S, Djafarian, K, Olyaeemanesh, A. The effect of (L-)carnitine on weight loss in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2016;17:970–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12436.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
32. Marconi, C, Sassi, G, Carpinelli, A, Cerretelli, P. Effects ofl-carnitine loading on the aerobic and anaerobic performance of endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1985;54:131–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02335919.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
33. Drăgan, IG, Vasiliu, A, Georgescu, E, Eremia, N. Studies concerning chronic and acute effects of L-carnitina in elite athletes. Physiologie (Bucarest) 1989;26:111–29.Search in Google Scholar
34. Greig, C, Finch, KM, Jones, DA, Cooper, M, Sargeant, AJ, Forte, CA. The effect of oral supplementation with l-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1987;56:457–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00417775.Search in Google Scholar
35. Siliprandi, N, Di Lisa, F, Pieralisi, G, Ripari, P, Maccari, F, Menabo, R, et al.. Metabolic changes induced by maximal exercise in human subjects following L-carnitine administration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1990;1034:17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(90)90147-o.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
36. Tanaka, M, Kishimoto, KN, Okuno, H, Saito, H, Itoi, E. Vitamin D receptor gene silencing effects on differentiation of myogenic cell lines. Muscle Nerve 2014;49:700–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.23950.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
37. Ceglia, L, Niramitmahapanya, S, da Silva Morais, M, Rivas, DA, Harris, SS, Bischoff-Ferrari, H, et al.. A randomized study on the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on skeletal muscle morphology and vitamin D receptor concentration in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2013;98:E1927–35. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2820.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
38. Ryan, ZC, Craig, TA, Folmes, CD, Wang, X, Lanza, IR, Schaible, NS, et al.. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates mitochondrial oxygen consumption and dynamics in human skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2016;291:1514–28. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m115.684399.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
39. Stellingwerff, T, Anwander, H, Egger, A, Buehler, T, Kreis, R, Decombaz, J, et al.. Effect of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids 2011;42:2461–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1054-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
40. Turcotte, LP, Abbott, MJ. Contraction-induced signaling: evidence of convergent cascades in the regulation of muscle fatty acid metabolism. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012;90:1419–33. https://doi.org/10.1139/y2012-124.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
41. Lundberg, JO, Govoni, M. Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2004;37:395–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
42. Whitfield, J, Ludzki, A, Heigenhauser, GJF, Senden, JMG, Verdijk, LB, van Loon, LJC, et al.. Beetroot juice supplementation reduces whole body oxygen consumption but does not improve indices of mitochondrial efficiency in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2015;594:421–35. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp270844.Search in Google Scholar
43. Morrison, D, Hughes, J, Della Gatta, PA, Mason, S, Lamon, S, Russell, AP, et al.. Vitamin C and E supplementation prevents some of the cellular adaptations to endurance-training in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2015;89:852–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.412.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
44. Somerville, V, Bringans, C, Braakhuis, A. Polyphenols and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2017;47:1589–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0675-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
45. Li, Y, Tran, V, Duke, C, Roufogalis, B. Gingerols of zingiber officinale enhance glucose uptake by increasing cell surface GLUT4 in cultured L6 myotubes. Planta Med 2012;78:1549–55. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1315041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
46. Chen, S-Q, Ding, L-N, Zeng, N-X, Liu, H-M, Zheng, S-H, Xu, J-W, et al.. Icariin induces irisin/FNDC5 expression in C2C12 cells via the AMPK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019;115:108930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108930.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
47. Haohao, Z, Guijun, Q, Juan, Z, Wen, K, Lulu, C. Resveratrol improves high-fat diet induced insulin resistance by rebalancing subsarcolemmal mitochondrial oxidation and antioxidation. J Physiol Biochem 2015;71:121–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0392-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
48. Mthembu, SXH, Dludla, PV, Ziqubu, K, Nyambuya, TM, Kappo, AP, Madoroba, E, et al.. The potential role of polyphenols in modulating mitochondrial bioenergetics within the skeletal muscle: a systematic review of preclinical models. Molecules 2021;26:2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092791.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
49. Ichinose, T, Nomura, S, Someya, Y, Akimoto, S, Tachiyashiki, K, Imaizumi, K. Effect of endurance training supplemented with green tea extract on substrate metabolism during exercise in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;21:598–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01077.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
50. Vilella, R, Sgarbi, G, Naponelli, V, Savi, M, Bocchi, L, Liuzzi, F, et al.. Effects of standardized green tea extract and its main component, EGCG, on mitochondrial function and contractile performance of healthy rat cardiomyocytes. Nutrients 2020;12:2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102949.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Minireview
- The effect of endurance, resistance training, and supplements on mitochondria and bioenergetics of muscle cells
- Reviews
- Cellular cross talk between epicardial fat and cardiovascular risk
- The physiological insight of Coenzyme-Q10 administration in preventing the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmia among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery
- Is it possible to treat nonalcoholic liver disease using a flavanol-based nutraceutical approach? Basic and clinical data
- An overview of post COVID sequelae
- Clinical implications of anti-idiotype antibodies in COVID-19
- Original Articles
- Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels are associated with major depressive disorder
- Detection of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide in a rat model of aortic regurgitation: differential responses to omecamtiv mecarbil
- Preoperative monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio as a potential predictor of bladder cancer
- AICAR promotes endothelium-independent vasorelaxation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase via increased ZMP and decreased ATP/ADP ratio in aortic smooth muscle
- Moderate-intensity exercise decreases the circulating level of betatrophin and its correlation among markers of obesity in women
- Impact of muscle mass on blood glucose level
- Behavioral alterations, brain oxidative stress, and elevated levels of corticosterone associated with a pressure injury model in male mice
- Patterns of drug therapy, glycemic control, and predictors of escalation – non-escalation of treatment among diabetes outpatients at a tertiary care center
- Pattern, severity, and outcome of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital: an evidence from a cross-sectional study
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Minireview
- The effect of endurance, resistance training, and supplements on mitochondria and bioenergetics of muscle cells
- Reviews
- Cellular cross talk between epicardial fat and cardiovascular risk
- The physiological insight of Coenzyme-Q10 administration in preventing the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmia among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery
- Is it possible to treat nonalcoholic liver disease using a flavanol-based nutraceutical approach? Basic and clinical data
- An overview of post COVID sequelae
- Clinical implications of anti-idiotype antibodies in COVID-19
- Original Articles
- Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels are associated with major depressive disorder
- Detection of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide in a rat model of aortic regurgitation: differential responses to omecamtiv mecarbil
- Preoperative monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio as a potential predictor of bladder cancer
- AICAR promotes endothelium-independent vasorelaxation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase via increased ZMP and decreased ATP/ADP ratio in aortic smooth muscle
- Moderate-intensity exercise decreases the circulating level of betatrophin and its correlation among markers of obesity in women
- Impact of muscle mass on blood glucose level
- Behavioral alterations, brain oxidative stress, and elevated levels of corticosterone associated with a pressure injury model in male mice
- Patterns of drug therapy, glycemic control, and predictors of escalation – non-escalation of treatment among diabetes outpatients at a tertiary care center
- Pattern, severity, and outcome of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital: an evidence from a cross-sectional study