Aqueous extracts of avocado pear (Persea americana Mill.) leaves and seeds exhibit anti-cholinesterases and antioxidant activities in vitro

References

1. Lu QY, Arteaga JR, Zhang Q, Huerta S, Go VL, Heber D. Inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by an avocado extract: role of lipid-soluble bioactive substances. J Nutr Biochem 2005;16:23–30.10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.08.003Search in Google Scholar

2. Mohammad Y, Sattwik D, Kharya DO. The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Persea americana Mill. Pharmacog Rev 2010;4:77–84.10.4103/0973-7847.65332Search in Google Scholar

3. Lopez R, Frati C, Hernandez C, Cervantes S, Hernandez H, Juarez C, et al. Monounsaturated fatty acid (avocado) rich diet for mild hypercholesterolemia. Arch Med Res 1996;27:678–701.Search in Google Scholar

4. Roger CR. The nutritional incidence of flavonoids: some physiologic and metabolic considerations. Experientia 1999;44: 725–804.10.1007/BF01959142Search in Google Scholar

5. Imafidon EK, Okunrobo OO. Biochemical evaluation of the tradomedicinal uses of the seeds of Persea americana Mill., (Family: Lauraceae). World J Med Sci 2009;4:143–6.Search in Google Scholar

6. Adeyemi OO, Okpo SO, Ogunti OO. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae). Fitoterapia 2002;73:375–80.10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00118-1Search in Google Scholar

7. Ahmed F, Ghalib RM, Sasikala P, Ahmed KM. Cholinesterase inhibitors from botanicals. Pharmacogn Rev 2013;7:121–30.10.4103/0973-7847.120511Search in Google Scholar

8. Senol SF, Orhan IE, Kurkcuoglu M, Khan MT, Altintas A, Sener B, et al. A mechanistic investigation on anticholinesterase and antioxidant effects of rose (Rosa damascene Mill.). Food Res Inter 2013;53:502–9.10.1016/j.foodres.2013.05.031Search in Google Scholar

9. Odubanjo VO, Oboh G, Ibukun EO. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of aqueous extract of Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2013;7:2768–73.10.5897/AJPP2013.3899Search in Google Scholar

10. Mimica N, Presečki P. Side effects of approved antidementives. Psychiatr Danub 2009;21:108–13.Search in Google Scholar

11. Patocka J. Natural cholinesterase inhibitors from mushrooms Mil. Med Sci Lett 2012;81:40–4.10.31482/mmsl.2012.005Search in Google Scholar

12. Lovell MA, Ehmann WD, Butler SM, Markesbery WR. Elevated thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1995;45:1594–601.10.1212/WNL.45.8.1594Search in Google Scholar

13. Praticò D, Delanty N. Oxidative injury in disease of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Med 2000;109:577–85.10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00547-7Search in Google Scholar

14. Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. Curr Neurophamacol 2009;7:65–74.10.2174/157015909787602823Search in Google Scholar

15. Lee J, Koo N, Min DB. Reactive oxygen species, aging, and antioxidative nutraceuticals. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2004;3:21–33.10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00058.xSearch in Google Scholar

16. Mantena RR, Wijburg OC, Vindurampulle C, Bennett-Wood VR, Walduck A, Drummond GR, et al. Reactive oxygen species are the major antibacterials against Salmonella typhimurium purine auxotrophs in the phagosome of RAW 264.7 cells. Cell Microbiol 2008;10:1058–73.10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01105.xSearch in Google Scholar

17. Perry NS, Houghton PJ, Sampson J, Theobald AE, Hart S, Lis-Balchin M, et al. In-vitro activity of S. lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) relevant to treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53:1347–56.10.1211/0022357011777846Search in Google Scholar

18. Belle N, Dalmolin G, Fonini G, Rubum MA, Rocha JB. Polyamines reduces lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidant agents. Brain Res 2004;1008:245–51.10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.036Search in Google Scholar

19. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351–8.10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3Search in Google Scholar

20. Singleton VL, Orthofor R, Lamuela-Raventos RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Method Enzymol 1999;299:152–78.10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1Search in Google Scholar

21. Meda A, Lamie C, Romito M, Millogo J, Nacoulma OG. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents in Burkina Faso honey, as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food Chem 2005;91:571–7.10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.006Search in Google Scholar

22. Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacolognosy, 13th ed. London: ELBS/Bailliere Tindall, 1989:345–6, 535–6, 772–3.Search in Google Scholar

23. Ngounou FN, Manfouo RN, Tapondjou LA, Lontsi D, Kuete V, Penlap V, et al. Antimicrobial diterpenoid alkaloids from Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan Bull Chem Soc Ethiop 2005;19:221–6.10.4314/bcse.v19i2.21127Search in Google Scholar

24. Gyamfi MA, Yonamine M, Aniya Y. Free-radical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Ghana: Thonningia sanguinea on experimentally-induced liver injuries. Gen Pharmacol 1999;32:661–7.10.1016/S0306-3623(98)00238-9Search in Google Scholar

25. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance from deoxyribose in the presence of iron salts. FEBS Lett 1981;128:347–52.10.1016/0014-5793(81)80114-7Search in Google Scholar

26. Susanta K, Chakraborty G, Gupta M, Mazumder U. In vitro antioxidant activity of Dispyros malabarica kostel bark. India J Exp Biol 2006;44:39–4.Search in Google Scholar

27. Minotti G, Aust SD. An investigation into the mechanism of citrate-Fe²⁺-dependent lipid peroxidation. Free Rad Biol Med 1987;3:379–87.10.1016/0891-5849(87)90016-5Search in Google Scholar

28. Puntel RL, Nogueira CW, Rocha JB. Krebs cycle intermediates modulate thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) production in rat brain in vitro. Neurochem Res 2005;30:225–35.10.1007/s11064-004-2445-7Search in Google Scholar

29. Ballard C. Advances in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease benefits of dual cholinesterase inhibition. Eur Neurol 2002;47:64–70.10.1159/000047952Search in Google Scholar

30. Oboh G, Agunloye O, Akinyemi A, Ademiluyi AO, Adefegha SA. Comparative study on the inhibitory effect of caffeic and chlorogenic acids on key enzymes linked to Alzheimer’s disease and some pro-oxidant induced oxidative stress in rats’ brain – in vitro. Neurochem Res 2012;38:413–9.10.1007/s11064-012-0935-6Search in Google Scholar

31. Arukwe U, Amadi BA, Duru MK, Agomuo EN, Adindu EA, Odika PC, et al. Chemical composition of Persea americana leaf, fruit and seed. Inter J Res Rev Appl Sci 2012;11:1–4.Search in Google Scholar

32. Mills E, Dong X, Wang F, Xu H. Mechanisms of brain iron transport: insight into neurodegeneration and CNS disorders. Future Med Chem 2010;2:51.10.4155/fmc.09.140Search in Google Scholar

33. Bates JN, Baker MT, Guerra R, Harrison DG. Nitric oxide generation from sodium nitroprusside by vascular tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;42:157–65.10.1016/0006-2952(91)90406-USearch in Google Scholar

34. Oboh G, Puntel RL, Rocha JB. Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum chinese, Habanero) prevents Fe²⁺-induced lipid peroxidation in brain – in vitro. Food Chem 2007;102: 178–85.10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.048Search in Google Scholar

35. Elekofehinti OO, Adanlawo IG, Fakoya A, Saliu AJ, Sodehinde AS. Effects of saponin from Solanum anguivi Lam fruit on heart and kidney superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde in rat. Curr Res J Bio Sci 2012;4:530–3.Search in Google Scholar

36. Mushtaq M, Wani SM. Polyphenols and human health – a review. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013;4:338–60.xSearch in Google Scholar

37. Letenneur L, Proust-Lima C, Le Gouge A, Dartigues J, Barberger-Gateau P. Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:1364–71.10.1093/aje/kwm036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Singh M, Arseneault M, Sanderson T, Murthy V, Ramassamy C. Challenges for research on polyphenols from foods in Alzheimer’s disease: bioavailability, metabolism, and cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:4855–73.10.1021/jf0735073Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Soumaya K, Chaouachi F, Ksouri R, El-Gazzah M. Polyphenolic composition in different organs of Tunisia populations of Cynara cardunculus L and their antioxidant activity. J Food Nutr Res 2013;1:1–6.Search in Google Scholar

40. Chanwitheesuk A, Teerawutgulrag A, Rakariyatham N. Screening of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds of some edible plants of Thailand. Food Chem 2005;92:491–7.10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.07.035Search in Google Scholar

41. Oboh G. Effect of blanching on the antioxidant property of some tropical green leafy vegetables. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2005;38:513–7.10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.007Search in Google Scholar

42. Ademiluyi AO, Oboh G. Aqueous extracts of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) varieties inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in-vitro. J Med Food 2013;16:88–93.10.1089/jmf.2012.0004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Piluzza G, Bullitta S. Correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant properties in twenty-four plant species of traditional ethnoveterinary use in the Mediterranean area. Pharm Biol 2011;49:240–7.10.3109/13880209.2010.501083Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Saeed N, Khan RM, Shabbir M. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complement. Altern Med 2012;12:221.10.1186/1472-6882-12-221Search in Google Scholar

45. Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 2010;15: 7313–52.10.3390/molecules15107313Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

46. Simic G, Lucassen PJ, Krsnik Z, Kruslin B, Kostovic I, Winblad B, et al. Expression in reactive astrocytes correlates with increased cell death related DNA damage in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Neurol 2000;165:12–26.10.1006/exnr.2000.7448Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:1620–4.10.1073/pnas.87.4.1620Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

48. Guix FX, Uribesalgo I, Coma M, Munõz FJ. The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2005;76:126–52.10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Smith MA, Harris PR, Sayre LM, Perry G. Iron accumulation in Alzheimer disease is a source of redox-generated free radicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:9866–8.10.1073/pnas.94.18.9866Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

50. Oboh G, Rocha JB. Polyphenols in red pepper [Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (Tepin)] and their protective effect on some pro-oxidants induced lipid peroxidation in brain and liver – in vitro. Eur Food Res Technol 2007;225:2.10.1007/s00217-006-0410-1Search in Google Scholar