Determination of the height reference surface for the Republic of Albania by using global geopotential models
-
Fitore Bajrami Lubishtani
,
Bashkim Idrizi
und
Milot Lubishtani
Abstract
For the development of various geodetic tasks within a state, determining the Height Reference Surface by the geoid model is extremely important. Considering this, one of the main task of geodesy is to determine the geoid, which is defined as an equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field, as a result, it corresponds on average to the sea level. The aim of this study is to analyze the best-fitting geoid model for the territory of the Republic of Albania. In this study, DFHRS (Digital Finite Element Height Reference Surface) method was used (www.dfhbf.de), developed by Reiner Jäger [Jäger R. State of the art and present developments of a general approach for GPS-based height determination. East Africa: University of Applied Sciences, Faculty Geoinformationswesen, Department of Surveying and Geomatics. Paper Presented at the First Workshop on GPS and Mathematical Geodesy in Tanzania (Kilimanjaro Expedition 1999); 1999] to determine the most suitable geoid model for the territory of Albania. This approach allows the conversion of ellipsoidal heights determined by GNSS into the standard heights, which refer to the height reference surface (HRS) of an orthometric. The DFHRS is defined as continuous HRS in arbitrarily large areas by bivariate polynomials over an irregular grid [Jäger R, Schneid S. Online and postprocessed GPS heighting based on the concept of a digital height reference surface (DFHRS), in vertical reference systems. In: IAG Symposium. Cartagena, Colombia, Heidelberg: Springer; 2001, vol 124:203–8 pp]. The DFHRS approach uses a wide range of input data (Geometric and Physical) and in our case, there were 151 GPS/levelling height data as well as physical derivatives from different global geopotential models. The main focus of this study is placed on the calculation of the most suitable geoid model for the territory of Albania using global geopotential models (EGM96, EGM2008, EIGEN04, EIGEN6C4 and European Gravimetric Geoid Model 1997 (EGG97)). After analyzing the results and comparing the models among themselves, the Albanian DFHRS-EIGEN6C4 model was selected as the most suitable model for the territory of Albania.
-
Author contributions: The study conception and design are based on an idea by F.B.L. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by F.B.L and B.I. The first draft of the manuscript was written by F.B.L. All authors commented and revised previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version manuscript before submitting for publishing.
-
Research funding: Data were provided by the Geodesy department of the Polytechnic University of Tirana in support of the Ph.D. dissertation of the first author Dr. Fitore Bajrami Lubishtani, which is kindly acknowledged.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
References
1. Asig. KRGJSH. Tiranë, Shqipëri: Relacion mbi punimet gjeodezike te kryera nga Instituti i Firences ne Shqiperi per llogaritjen e parametrave te tranformimit nga refrenca lokale ALB86 ne refrencen Evropiane ETRF2000 Epoka 2008.0; 2015.Suche in Google Scholar
2. Bilbil, N. Studim i zhvillimit të refrencave koordinative të Shqipërisë. Tiranë, Shqipëri: Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës, Fakulteti i Inxhinierisë së Ndërtimit, Departamenti i Gjeodezisë; 2012.Suche in Google Scholar
3. Jäger, R, Schneid, S. Online and postprocessed GPS heighting based on the concept of a digital height reference surface (DFHRS), in vertical reference systems. In: IAG Symposium. Cartagena, Colombia, Heidelberg: Springer; 2001, vol 124:203–8 pp.10.1007/978-3-662-04683-8_39Suche in Google Scholar
4. Heiskanen, WA, Moritz, H. Physical geodesy. San Francisco, London: W. H. Freeman and Company; 1967.10.1007/BF02525647Suche in Google Scholar
5. Jäger, R, Kälber, S. Konzepte und Softwareentwicklungen für aktuelle Aufgabenstellungen für GPS und Landesvermessung. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg: DVW Mitteilungen, Landesverein Baden-Württemberg; 2000.Suche in Google Scholar
6. Bajrami, F. Analiza e modeleve globale gjeopotenciale në përcaktimin e sipërfaqes referente të lartësive për territorin e Republikës së Shqipërisë. Tiranë, Shqipëri: Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës, Fakulteti i Inxhinierisë së Ndërtimit, Departamenti i Gjeodezisë; 2021.Suche in Google Scholar
7. Ameti, P, Jäger, R. On the definition of height reference surfaces over an arbitrary selected area by means of DFHRS approach. Geod Cartogr 2016;42:115–21.10.3846/20296991.2016.1268431Suche in Google Scholar
8. Schneid, S. Investigation of a digital FEM height reference surface as vertical reference system, PhD-Thesis at Trent. Nottingham / Karlsruhe: University Nottingham / Hochschule Karlsruhe; 2006.Suche in Google Scholar
9. Absolut Gravity Measurements; Albania-Kosovo-Montenegro. LIN12014/15/24-absolute gravimetric measurements. BEV Agreement GZ 4598/2015-09-07. Wein: Bundesamt für Eich- u. Vermessungswesen; 2015.Suche in Google Scholar
10. Younis, G. Regional gravity field modeling with adjusted spherical cap harmonics in an integrated approach. Germany: Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Physikalische Geodäsie; 2013.Suche in Google Scholar
11. Inese, J, Reiner, J, Ghadi, Y, Jānis, K, Ansis, Z. DFHRS-based computation of quasi-geoid of Latvia. Geod Cartogr 2013;39:11–7. https://doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2013.788827.Suche in Google Scholar
12. Baarda, W. A testing procedure for use in geodetic networks. Delft: Geodesy 9; 1968, vol 2:97 p.10.54419/t8w4sgSuche in Google Scholar
13. Thomas, MH. Root mean square error compared to, and contrasted with, standard deviation. Article in surveying and land information science; 2012. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263726816.Suche in Google Scholar
14. Pavlis, NK, Holmes, SA, Kenyon, SC, Factor, JK. An earth gravitational model to degree 2160: EGM2008. In: Presented at the 2008 general assembly of the european geosciences union. Vienna, Austria: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2008.10.1190/1.3063757Suche in Google Scholar
15. Förste, C, Bruinsma, SL, Abrikosov, O, Lemoine, JM, Schaller, T, Götze, HJ, et al.. EIGEN-6C4 the latest combined global gravity field model including GOCE data up to degree and order 2190 of GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse. Paris: 5th GOCE User Workshop; 2014:25 p.Suche in Google Scholar
16. Lemoine, FG, Kenyon, SC, Factor, JK, Trimmer, RG, Pavlis, NK, Chinn, DS, et al.. The development of the joint NASA GSFC and NIMA geopotential model EGM96. Greenbelt, Maryland, USA: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; 1998.10.1007/978-3-662-03482-8_62Suche in Google Scholar
17. Denker, H, Torge, W. The European gravimetric quasi-geoid EGG97 – an IAG supported continental enterprise. In: Forsberg, R, Feissel, M, Dietrich, R, editors. Geodesy on the move – gravity, geoid, geodynamics and Antarctica. IAG Symp. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag; 1998, vol 119:249–54 pp.10.1007/978-3-642-72245-5_36Suche in Google Scholar
18. Förste, C, Schmidt, R, Stubenvoll, R, Flechtner, F, Meyer, U, König, R, et al.. The GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam/Groupe de Recherche de Gèodésie Spatiale satellite-only and combined gravity field models: EIGEN-GL04S1 and EIGEN-GL04C. J Geodes 2008;82:331–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0183-8.Suche in Google Scholar
19. Jäger, R. State of the art and present developments of a general approach for GPS-based height determination. In: Paper presented at the first workshop on GPS and mathematical geodesy in Tanzania (Kilimanjaro expedition 1999). East Africa: University of Applied Sciences, Faculty Geoinformationswesen, Department of Surveying and Geomatics; 1999.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Investigation of the trade-off between the complexity of the accelerometer bias model and the state estimation accuracy in INS/GNSS integration
- Original Research Articles
- Solution for ill-posed EIV model regularization attending to its decreasing regularization characteristic
- Trajectory evaluation using repeated rail-bound measurements
- Global geopotential models evaluation based on terrestrial gravity data over Ethiopia
- A calculation method for GNSS positioning precision based on the posteriori unit weight variance
- Accuracy and reliability of BeiDou clocks
- Positioning performance with dual-frequency low-cost GNSS receivers
- Estimating 3D displacement vectors from line-of-sight observations with application to MIMO-SAR
- Determination of the height reference surface for the Republic of Albania by using global geopotential models
- An integrated adaptive Kalman filter for improving the reliability of navigation systems
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Investigation of the trade-off between the complexity of the accelerometer bias model and the state estimation accuracy in INS/GNSS integration
- Original Research Articles
- Solution for ill-posed EIV model regularization attending to its decreasing regularization characteristic
- Trajectory evaluation using repeated rail-bound measurements
- Global geopotential models evaluation based on terrestrial gravity data over Ethiopia
- A calculation method for GNSS positioning precision based on the posteriori unit weight variance
- Accuracy and reliability of BeiDou clocks
- Positioning performance with dual-frequency low-cost GNSS receivers
- Estimating 3D displacement vectors from line-of-sight observations with application to MIMO-SAR
- Determination of the height reference surface for the Republic of Albania by using global geopotential models
- An integrated adaptive Kalman filter for improving the reliability of navigation systems
