Abstract
In much of his work on reversing language shift, Fishman cautioned those devoted to improving the sociolinguistic circumstances of regional, ethnic, and religious languages against a premature dependence on schools, especially schools controlled by speakers of the dominant societal language. He argued that efforts on behalf of minoritized languages that seek such recognition before intergenerational transmission has been established within the group frequently leads to intergroup conflict and to disillusionment. In this article, I draw from Fishman’s stated concern about the limitations of school effectiveness in connection with mother tongue transmission as put forth in his discussions of reversing language shift, but I problematize the notion of language maintenance and intergenerational transmission from the perspective of current theoretical shifts in the fields of sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. I focus on the dilemmas facing the implementation and design of heritage language teaching and assessment programs given the various mechanisms involved in curricularizing language: that is, in the process of treating language as if were an ordinary academic subject.
References
Atkinson, Dwight (ed.). 2011. Alternative approaches to second language acquisition, 1st edn. Abingdon, Oxon & New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203830932Suche in Google Scholar
van der Auwera, Johan (ed.). 2013. Jubilee issue. Linguistics 51.10.1515/ling-2013-0044Suche in Google Scholar
Bentahila, Abdelâli & Eirlys E. Davies. 1993. Language revival: Restoration or transformation? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 14(5). 355–374.10.1080/01434632.1993.9994542Suche in Google Scholar
Blackledge, A & Creese, A. 2010. Multilingualism: A critical perspective. London and New York: Continuum.Suche in Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2014. From mobility to complexity in sociolinguistic theory and method. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies 103. http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/upload/5ff19e97-9abc45d0-8773d2d8b0a9b0f8_TPCS_103_Blommaert.pdfSuche in Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan & Ben Rampton. 2011. Language and superdiversity. Diversities 13(2).1–21.Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a theory of practice 16. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511812507Suche in Google Scholar
Brinton, D. M., Kagan, O., & Bauckus, S. 2008. Heritage language education: A new field emerging. Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Canagarajah, A. Suresh. 1999. Interrogating the “native speaker fallacy”: Non-linguistic roots, non-pedagogical results. In George Braine (ed.), Non-native educators in English language teaching, 77–92. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 2011. Codemeshing in academic writing: Identifying teachable strategies of translanguaging. The Modern Language Journal 95(3). 401–417.10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01207.xSuche in Google Scholar
Carreira, Maria. 2004. Seeking explanatory adequacy: A dual approach to understanding the term heritage language learner. Heritage Language Journal 2(1). 1–25.10.46538/hlj.2.1.1Suche in Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael G. 1991. Community languages: The Australian experience. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511597084Suche in Google Scholar
Cook, Vivian J. 1992. Evidence for multicompetence. Language Learning 42(4). 557–591.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1992.tb01044.xSuche in Google Scholar
Cook, V. (1996). Competence and multi-competence. In G. Brown, K. Malmkjaer, & J. Williams (eds.), Performance and competence in second language acquisition 57–69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Cook, Vivian J. 1999. Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. TESOL Quarterly 33(2). 185–209.10.2307/3587717Suche in Google Scholar
Creese, Angela & Adrian Blackledge. 2010. Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching? The Modern Language Journal 94. 103–115.10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00986.xSuche in Google Scholar
Creese, Angela & Adrian Blackledge. 2015. Translanguaging and identity in educational settings. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 35. 20–35.10.1017/S0267190514000233Suche in Google Scholar
Curran, Charles A. 1976. Counseling-learning in second languages. Apple River, Ill: Apple River Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Doerr, Neriko M. (ed.). 2009. The native speaker concept: Ethnographic investigations of native speaker effects, vol. 26. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110220957Suche in Google Scholar
Duff, Patricia A. & Duanduan Li. 2009. Indigenous, minority, and heritage language education in Canada: Policies, contexts, and issues. Canadian Modern Language Review 66(1). 1–8.10.3138/cmlr.66.1.001Suche in Google Scholar
Firth, A. & Wagner, J. (1997). On discourse, communication and (some) fundamental concepts in SLA research. Modern Language Journal, 91, 285–300.10.1111/j.1540-4781.1997.tb05480.xSuche in Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. 1964. Language maintenance and language shift as a field of inquiry: A definition of the field and suggestions for its further development. Linguistics 2(9). 32–70.10.1515/ling.1964.2.9.32Suche in Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. 1991. Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Suche in Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. 1992. Three dilemmas of organized efforts to reverse language shift. In Ulrich Ammon & Marlis Hellinger, M. (eds.), Status change of languages, 295–293. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. 1997. In praise of the beloved language: A comparative view of positive ethnolinguistic consciousness, vol. 76. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110813241Suche in Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. 2013. Language maintenance and language shift as a field of inquiry: A definition of the field and suggestions for its further development. Linguistics 51(Jubilee). 9–10.10.1515/ling-2013-0038Suche in Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. & Ofelia García. 2010. Handbook of language and ethnic identity: Disciplinary and regional perspectives, vol. 1. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A., Michael H. Gertner, Esther G. Lowy & William G. Milán. 1985. The rise and fall of the ethnic revival: Perspectives on language and ethnicity, vol. 37. Berlin, New York & Amsterdam: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110863888Suche in Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A. & Barbara R. Markman. 1979. The ethnic mother-tongue-school in America: Assumptions, findings, and directory. New York, NY: Ferkauf Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yeshiva University.Suche in Google Scholar
Flores, Nelson, & Jonathan Rosa. 2015. Undoing Appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review 85(2). 149–171.10.17763/0017-8055.85.2.149Suche in Google Scholar
García, O. 2009. Bilingual education in the 21st century. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Suche in Google Scholar
García, Ofelia & Li Wei. 2013. Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137385765_4Suche in Google Scholar
Grosjean, François. 1989. Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person. Brain and Language 36. 5–15.10.1016/0093-934X(89)90048-5Suche in Google Scholar
Harris, Roy. 1981. The language myth. London: Duckworth.Suche in Google Scholar
Harris, R. 1990. Language, Saussure and Wittgenstein: How to play games with words. Psychology Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Harris, Roy. 1998. Introduction to integrational linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon.Suche in Google Scholar
Haugen, E. 1972. The ecology of language. (A. Dil, Ed.). Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Heller, Monica. 2007. Bilingualism as ideology and practice. In Monica Heller (ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach, 1–22. New York: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230596047Suche in Google Scholar
Hornberger, Nancy H. 2005. Heritage/community language education: US and Australian perspectives. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 8(2–3).10.1080/13670050508668599Suche in Google Scholar
Jacquemet, Marco. 2005. Transidiomatic practices: Language and power in the age of globalization. Language and Communication 25. 257–277.10.1016/j.langcom.2005.05.001Suche in Google Scholar
Jessner, U. 2008. Multicompetence approaches to language proficiency development in multilingual education. In Encyclopedia of language and education 1552–1565. Springer. Retrieved: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_11810.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_118Suche in Google Scholar
Jørgensen, J. Normann. 2008. Polylingual languaging around and among children and adolescents. International Journal of Multilingualism 5(3). 161–176.10.1080/14790710802387562Suche in Google Scholar
Kagan, Olga. 2005. In support of a proficiency-based definition of heritage language learners: The case of Russian. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 9. 213–221.10.1080/13670050508668608Suche in Google Scholar
Kravchenko, Alexander V. 2007. Essential properties of language, or, why language is not a code. Language Sciences 29(5). 650–671.10.1016/j.langsci.2007.01.004Suche in Google Scholar
Kravchenko, Alexander V. 2010. Native speakers, mother tongues and other objects of wonder. Language Sciences 32(6). 677–685.10.1016/j.langsci.2010.07.008Suche in Google Scholar
Kravchenko, Alexander V. 2015. Two views on language ecology and ecolinguistics. Language Sciences 54. 102–113.10.1016/j.langsci.2015.12.002Suche in Google Scholar
Kroskrity, Paul V. 2005. Language Ideologies. In Alessandro Duranti (ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology, 496–517. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.10.1002/9780470996522.ch22Suche in Google Scholar
Kroskrity, Paul V. 2010. Language ideologies – Evolving perspectives. In Jurgen Jaspers, Jan-Ola Ostman & Jef Verschueren (eds.), Society and language use, 192–211. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/hoph.7.13kroSuche in Google Scholar
Kubota, Ryuko & Angel M. Y. Lin. 2009. Race, culture, and identities in second language education: Exploring critically engaged practice. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203876657Suche in Google Scholar
Linell, Per. 2001. Dynamics of discourse or stability of structure: Sociolinguistics and the legacy from linguistics. In Nikolas Coupland, Srikant Sarangi & Christopher N. Candlin (eds.), Sociolinguistics and social theory, 107–126. Abingdon: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Leung, Constant, Roxy Harris & Ben Rampton. 1997. The idealised native speaker, reified ethnicities, and classroom realities. TESOL Quarterly 31(3). 543–560.10.2307/3587837Suche in Google Scholar
Makoni, Sinfree B. & Alastair Pennycook. 2007. Disinventing and reconstituting languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853599255Suche in Google Scholar
Malone, Margaret E., Joy Kreeft Peyton & Katie Kim. 2014. Assessment of heritage language learners: Issues and directions. In Terrence G. Wiley, Joy Kreeft Peyton, Donna Christian, Sarah Catherine K. Moore, & Na Liu (eds.), Handbook of heritage, community, and Native American languages in the United States: Research, policy, and educational practice, 349–358. New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Mar-Molinero, Clare & Darren Paffey. 2011. Linguistic imperialism: Who owns global Spanish? In Manuel Diaz-Campos (ed.), The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics, 747–764. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.10.1002/9781444393446.ch35Suche in Google Scholar
May, Stephen. 2005. Language rights: Moving the debate forward. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9(3). 319–347.10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00295.xSuche in Google Scholar
May, Stephen. 2013. The multilingual turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL, and Bilingual Education. Routledge. Retrieved: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UV0qAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=May,+S.+Multilingual+turn&ots=FWSNXN63cu&sig=R585F2pY5BZSiw69PmhU-vJXqlESuche in Google Scholar
Messick, Samuel. 1996. Validity and washback in language testing. Language Testing 13(3). 241–256.10.1177/026553229601300302Suche in Google Scholar
Mestries, Francis. 2013. Los migrantes de retorno ante un futuro incierto [Migrants return to an uncertain future]. Sociológica (México) 28(78). 171–212.Suche in Google Scholar
Mestries, Francis. 2014. Los desplazados internos forzados: refugiados invisibles en su propia patria [Forced internally displaced persons: Invisible refugees in their own homeland]. El Cotidiano 183. 17–25.Suche in Google Scholar
Møller, Janus Spindler & J. Normann Jørgensen. 2009. From language to languaging: Changing relations between humans and linguistic features. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 41(1). 143–166.10.1080/03740460903364185Suche in Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2002. Incomplete acquisition and attrition of Spanish tense/aspect distinctions in adult bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 5. 39–68.10.1017/S1366728902000135Suche in Google Scholar
Moore, Robert. 2012. Taking up speech in an endangered language: Bilingual discourse in a heritage language classroom. Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 27(2). 57–78.10.21832/9781783096800-006Suche in Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2002. Colonisation, globalisation, and the future of languages in the 21st century. International Journal on Multicultural Societies 4(2). 162–193.Suche in Google Scholar
Orman, Jon. 2013. Linguistic diversity and language loss: A view from integrational linguistics. Language Sciences 40. 1–11.10.1016/j.langsci.2013.04.005Suche in Google Scholar
Ortega, L. 2013. SLA for the 21st century: Disciplinary progress, transdisciplinary relevance, and the bi/multilingual turn. Language Learning 63(s1). 1–24.10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00735.xSuche in Google Scholar
Otsuji, Emi & Alastair Pennycook. 2010. Metrolingualism: Fixity, fluidity and language in flux. International Journal of Multilingualism 7(3). 240–254.10.1080/14790710903414331Suche in Google Scholar
Parodi, Claudia. 2008. Stigmatized Spanish inside the classroom and out: A model of language teaching to heritage speakers. In Donna M. Brinton, Olga Kagan & Susan Bauckus (eds.), Heritage language education: A new field emerging, 199–214. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315092997-14Suche in Google Scholar
Piller, Ingrid. 2002. Passing for a native speaker: Identity and success in second language learning. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6(2). 179–208.10.1111/1467-9481.00184Suche in Google Scholar
Rampton, M. B. H. 1990. Displacing the “native speaker”: Expertise, affiliation, and inheritance. ELT Journal 44(2). 97–101.10.1093/eltj/44.2.97Suche in Google Scholar
Ramscar, Michael & Robert F. Port. 2016. How spoken languages work in the absence of an Inventory of discrete units. Language Sciences 53. 58–74.10.1016/j.langsci.2015.08.002Suche in Google Scholar
Rivera Sánchez, Liliana. 2015. Narratives of return migration and mobility. Between practices of engagement and multiple spatialities in the city. Estudios Políticos Medellín [online] 2015(47). 243–264.Suche in Google Scholar
Rosa, Jonathan. (forthcoming). Looking like a language, sounding like a race: Exclusion and ingenuity in the making of Latino identities. New York & London: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780190634728.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Shohamy, Elana, Smadar Donitsa-Schmidt & Irit Ferman. 1996. Test impact revisited: Washback effect over time. Language Testing 13(3). 298–317.10.1177/026553229601300305Suche in Google Scholar
Swain, Merrill. 2009. Languaging, agency and collaboration in advanced second language proficiency. In Heidi Byrnes (ed.), Advanced language learning: The contribution of Halliday and Vygotsky, 95–108. New York: Continuum.Suche in Google Scholar
Toker, Emily B. C. 2012. What makes a native speaker? Nativeness, ownership, and global Englishes. The Minnesota Review 2012(78). 113–129.10.1215/00265667-1550680Suche in Google Scholar
Valdés, G. 2005. Bilingualism, heritage language learners, and SLA research: Opportunities lost or seized? The Modern Language Journal 89(3). 410–426.10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00314.xSuche in Google Scholar
Valdés, Guadalupe, Joshua A. Fishman, Rebecca Chávez & William Pérez. 2006. Developing minority language resources: The case of Spanish in California, vol. 58. Clevedon, Buffalo & Toronto: Multilingual Matters.10.1007/s10993-007-9074-3Suche in Google Scholar
Valdés, Guadalupe, Sonia V. González, Dania López García & Patricio Márquez. 2008. Ideologies of monolingualism: the challenges of maintaining non-English languages through educational institutions. In Donald M. Brinton, Olga Kagan & Susan Bauckus (eds.), Heritage language acquisition: A new field emerging, 107–130. New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Valdés, Guadalupe, Sonia V. Gonzalez, Dania López García & Patricio Marquez. 2003. Language ideology: The case of Spanish in departments of foreign languages. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 34. 3–26.10.1525/aeq.2003.34.1.3Suche in Google Scholar
Vizenor, Gerald. 2008. Survivance: Narratives of native presence. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Wang, Shu-han Chou. 1996. Improving Chinese language schools: Issues and recommendations. In Xueying Wang (ed.), A view from within: A case study of Chinese heritage community language schools in the United States, 63–67. Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Center.Suche in Google Scholar
Warriner, Doris S. & Leisy T. Wyman. 2013. Experiences of simultaneity in complex linguistic ecologies: Implications for theory, method, and practice. International Multilingual Research Journal 7(1). 1–14.10.1080/19313152.2013.749775Suche in Google Scholar
Wei, Li. 2013. Conceptual and methodological issues in bilingualism and multilingualism research. In Tej K. Bhatia & William C. Ritchie (eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism, 2nd edn, 26–51. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.10.1002/9781118332382.ch2Suche in Google Scholar
Wheatley, C. 2011. Push back: US deportation policy and the reincorporation of involuntary return migrants in Mexico. The Latin Americanist, 55(4), 35–60.Suche in Google Scholar
Wiley, Terrence G., Joy Kreeft Peyton, Donna Christian, Sarah Catherine K. Moore & Na Liu. 2014. Handbook of heritage, community, and native American languages in the United States: Research, policy, and educational practice. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203122419Suche in Google Scholar
Williams, Glyn. 1992. Sociolinguistics: A sociological critique. New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Woolard, K. A. & Schieffelin, B. B. 1994. Language ideology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 55–82.Suche in Google Scholar
Wong Fillmore, L. (1992). Learning a language from learners. In C. Kramsch & McConnell-Ginet, Sallry (eds.), Text and context: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on language study, 46–66. D.C. Heath.Suche in Google Scholar
Wyman, Leisy T. 2009. Youth, linguistic ecology, and language endangerment: A Yup’ik example. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 8(5). 335–349.10.1080/15348450903305122Suche in Google Scholar
Wyman, Leisy T. 2012. Youth Culture, Language Endangerment and Linguistic Survivance. Bristol & New York: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847697417Suche in Google Scholar
Zúñiga, Víctor & Edmund T. Hamann. 2006. Going home? Schooling in Mexico of transnational children. CONfines (México) 2006(4). 41–57.Suche in Google Scholar
Zúñiga, Víctor, Edmund T. Hamann & Juan Sánchez García. 2008. Alumnos transnacionales: Las escuelas mexicanas frente a la globalización [Transnational students: Mexican schools face globalization. Faculty Publications: Department of Teaching, Learning and Teacher Education. Paper 97. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/teachlearnfacpub/9Suche in Google Scholar
©2017 by De Gruyter Mouton
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Introducing the Joshua A. Fishman Award
- A feast of letting go
- Articles
- Introduction: Joshua Fishman – public intellectual and intellectual activist
- Joshua A. Fishman: a scholar of unfathomable influence
- “Shikl, what did you do for Yiddish today?” An appreciation of activist scholarship
- A researcher writes for his people: who writes what language for whom and when?
- From language maintenance and intergenerational transmission to language survivance: will “heritage language” education help or hinder?
- Language ideology and language order: conflicts and compromises in colonial and postcolonial Asia
- On the relation between the sociology of language and sociolinguistics: Fishman’s legacy in Brazil
- Status of “women’s language” in a multilingual jurisdiction: power and ethics in legal monolingualism
- Translation and language policy in the dynamics of multilingualism
- Shh, hushed multilingualism! Accounting for the discreet genre of translanguaged siding in lecture halls at a South African university
- Book review
- Hult, Francis M. & David Cassels Johnson: Research methods in language policy and planning: A practical guide
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Introducing the Joshua A. Fishman Award
- A feast of letting go
- Articles
- Introduction: Joshua Fishman – public intellectual and intellectual activist
- Joshua A. Fishman: a scholar of unfathomable influence
- “Shikl, what did you do for Yiddish today?” An appreciation of activist scholarship
- A researcher writes for his people: who writes what language for whom and when?
- From language maintenance and intergenerational transmission to language survivance: will “heritage language” education help or hinder?
- Language ideology and language order: conflicts and compromises in colonial and postcolonial Asia
- On the relation between the sociology of language and sociolinguistics: Fishman’s legacy in Brazil
- Status of “women’s language” in a multilingual jurisdiction: power and ethics in legal monolingualism
- Translation and language policy in the dynamics of multilingualism
- Shh, hushed multilingualism! Accounting for the discreet genre of translanguaged siding in lecture halls at a South African university
- Book review
- Hult, Francis M. & David Cassels Johnson: Research methods in language policy and planning: A practical guide