Home Language ideology and language order: conflicts and compromises in colonial and postcolonial Asia
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Language ideology and language order: conflicts and compromises in colonial and postcolonial Asia

  • Minglang Zhou EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 10, 2016

Abstract

Following Fishman’s (1998/1999. The new linguistic order. Foreign Policy 113. 26–40) seminal work “The new linguistic order”, this article first defines language ideology and order, then studies how they interact dialectically and how the conflicts and compromises between local language ideologies and global language order may have shaped colonization and postcolonial nation-state building in Asia. With colonial and postcolonial cases from Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia, this study sheds light on how the dialectical relationship between language ideology and language order is crucial to language policy and language management, but does not seem to receive full attention in theory and practice. Attention to this dialectic relationship also extends Fishman’s legacy of work on linguistic order by acknowledging unfolding globalization phenomena since the publication of his article seventeen years ago.

References

Akiner, Shirin. 1998. Social and political reorganization in Central Asia: Transition from pre-colonial to post-colonial society. In Touraj Atabaki & John O’Kane (eds.), Post-Soviet Central Asia, 1–34. London: Tauris.10.5040/9780755619801.ch-001Search in Google Scholar

Amritavalli, Raghavachari & K. A. Jayaseelan. 2007. India. In Andrew Simpson (ed.), Language and national identity in Asia, 55–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Belokrenitsky, Vyacheslav Ya. 1998. Russia and former Soviet Central Asia: The attitude towards regional integrity. In Touraj Atabaki & John O’Kane (eds.), Post-Soviet Central Asia, 44–61. London: Tauris.10.5040/9780755619801.ch-003Search in Google Scholar

Blum, Susan D. 2004. Good to hear: Using the trope of standard to find one’s way in a sea of linguistic diversity. In Minglang Zhou & Hongkai Sun (eds.), Language policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949, 123–141. Boston, MA: Kluwer.10.1007/1-4020-8039-5_7Search in Google Scholar

Caroe, Olaf. 1953. Soviet colonialism in Central Asia. Foreign Affairs 32(1). 135–144.10.2307/20031013Search in Google Scholar

Coatsworth, John H. 2004. Globalization, growth, and welfare in history. In Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco & Desirée B. Qin-Hilliard (eds.), Globalization: Culture and education in the new millennium, 38–55. Berkeley: University of California Press.Search in Google Scholar

DeFrancis, John. 1950. Nationalism and language reform in China. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Dua, Hans R. 1993. The national language and the ex-colonial language as rivals: The case of India. International Political Science Review 14(3). 293–308.10.1177/019251219301400306Search in Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 1968. Sociolinguistics and the language problems of the developing countries. In Joshua A. Fishman, Charles A. Ferguson & Jyotirindra Das Gupta (eds.), Language problems of developing nations, 3–16. New York: Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 1973. Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Search in Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 1988. ‘English only’: Its ghosts, myths and dangers. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 74. 125–140.10.1515/ijsl.1988.74.125Search in Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 1998/1999. The new linguistic order. Foreign Policy 113. 26–40.10.2307/j.ctt2005tk7.41Search in Google Scholar

Galindo, René. 1997. Language wars: The ideological dimensions of the debates on bilingual education. Bilingual Research Journal 21(2–3). 163–201.10.1080/15235882.1997.10668659Search in Google Scholar

Gifreu, Jose. 1996. Linguistic order and spaces of communication in post-Maastricht Europe. Media, Culture & Society 18(1). 127–139.10.1177/016344396018001008Search in Google Scholar

Gonzalez, Roseann D. & Ildikó Melis (eds.). 2000/2001. Language ideologies: Critical perspectives on the Official English Movement, vol. 1–2. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Search in Google Scholar

Gottheil, Fred M. 1977. On an economic theory of colonialism. Journal of Economic Issues 11(1). 83–102.10.1080/00213624.1977.11503415Search in Google Scholar

Hassanpour, Amir. 1999. Language rights in the emerging world linguistic order: The state, market and communication technologies. In Kontra, Miklós, Robert Phillipson, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas & Tibor Várady (eds.), Language: A right and a resource, 223–241. Budapest: Central European University Press.10.1515/9789633865217-015Search in Google Scholar

Hong Kong. 1984. Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong. http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/CurEngOrd/034B10AF5D3058DB482575EE000EDB9F?OpenDocument (accessed 27 May 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Hong Kong. 1990. The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/ (accessed 27 May 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Hong Kong. 1997. 1996 Population By-census. http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/hist/1991_2000/B11200781996XXXXB0100.pdf (accessed 28 May 2016)Search in Google Scholar

Hornberger, Nancy H. 1988. Language planning orientations and bilingual education in Peru. Language Problems and Language Planning 12(1). 14–29.10.1075/lplp.12.1.02horSearch in Google Scholar

Hutchinson, John & Anthony D. Smith. 1994. Introduction. In John Hutchinson & Anthony D. Smith (eds.), Nationalism, 3–13. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, Mark S. 2004. The legacy of Russian and Soviet education and the shaping of ethnic, religious, and national identities in Central Asia. In Stephen P. Heyneman & Alan J. DeYoung (eds.), The challenges of education in Central Asia, 21–36. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Kaplan, Robert B. & Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. 2003. Language and language-in-education planning in the Pacific Basin. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.10.1007/978-94-017-0145-7Search in Google Scholar

Kasuya, Keisuke. 2001. Discourses of linguistic dominance: A historical consideration of French language ideology. International Review of Education 47(3–4). 235–251.10.1023/A:1017993507936Search in Google Scholar

Kellner-Heinkele, Barbara & Jacob M. Landau. 2012. Language politics in contemporary Central Asia: National and ethnic identity and the Soviet legacy. London: I. B. Tauris.10.5040/9780755611591Search in Google Scholar

Kelly-Holmes, Helen & Gerlinde Mautner (eds.). 2010. Language and the market. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-0-230-29692-3Search in Google Scholar

King, Ross. 2007. North and South Korea. In Andrew Simpson (ed.), Language and national identity in Asia, 200–234. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Laitin, David D., Roger Petersen & John W. Slocum. 1992. Language and the state: Russia and the Soviet Union in comparative perspective. In Alexander J. Motyl (ed.), Thinking theoretically about Soviet nationalities, 129–168. New York: Columbia University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Lawrence, Peter. 1980. The beginnings of Europena colonialism: A review article. Oceania 51(1). 53–59.10.1002/j.1834-4461.1980.tb01419.xSearch in Google Scholar

Lee, Yeonsuk. 1996. The ideology of kokugo: Nationalizing language in Modern Japan. Translated by Maki Hirano Hbbard. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Wei & Hua Zhu. 2011. Changing hierarchies in Chinese language education for the British Chinese learners. In Linda Tsung & Ken Cruickshank (eds.), Teaching and learning Chinese in global contexts, 11–27. London: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Na & Terrence G. Wiley. 2014. Attitudes toward Chinese language diversity among Chinese immigrants and international students in the United States. Paper presented at International Association of Chinese Linguistics 22nd Annual Conference, University of Maryland, 2–4 May.Search in Google Scholar

Macau. 1987. Joint Declaration of the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on the Questions of Macau. http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/I/88/23/dc/en/default.asp (accessed 28 May, 2016.)Search in Google Scholar

Macau. 2002. Global Results of Census 2001. http://www.dsec.gov.mo/Statistic.aspx?NodeGuid=8d4d5779-c0d3-42f0-ae71-8b747bdc8d88 (accessed 12 July, 2016.)Search in Google Scholar

Macias, Reynaldo F. 1985. Language and ideology in the United States. Social Education 49(2). 97–99.Search in Google Scholar

Mann, Michael. 2004. ‘Torchbearers upon the path of progress’: Britain’s ideology of a ‘moral and material progress’ in India. An introductory essay. In Harald Fischer-Tiné & Michael Mann (eds.), Colonialism as civilizing mission: Cultural ideology in British India, 1–26. London: Wimbledon Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Mann, Charles & Gabriella Wong. 1999. Issues in language planning and language education: Survey from Macao on its return to Chinese sovereignty. Language Problems and Language Planning 23(1). 17–36.10.1075/lplp.23.1.02issSearch in Google Scholar

Marx, Karl & Frederick Engels. 1846/1947. The German ideology. New York: International Press.Search in Google Scholar

Maurais, Jacques. 2003. Towards a new linguistic world order. In Jacques Maurais & Michael A. Morris (eds.), Languages in a globalizing world, 13–36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511613739.002Search in Google Scholar

Murpeis, K. 2005. Kazakhstan. In Madhavan K. Palat & Anara Tabyshalieva (eds.), History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. 6: Towards the contemporary period: From the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century, 247–262. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Pak, Song-Yong & Keumjoong Hwang. 2011. Assimilation and segregation of imperial subjects: “Educating the colonized during the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial rule of Korea. Paedagogica Historica 47(3). 377–397.10.1080/00309230.2010.534104Search in Google Scholar

Pavlenko, Aneta. 2006. Russian as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 26. 78–99.10.1017/S0267190506000055Search in Google Scholar

Ricento, Thomas. 2005. Problems with the “language-as-resource” discourse in the promotion of heritage languages in the U.S. A. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9(3). 348–368.10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00296.xSearch in Google Scholar

Ruíz, Richard. 1984. Orientations in language planning. NABE Journal 8(2). 15–34.10.21832/9781783096701-004Search in Google Scholar

Sahadeo, Jeff. 2007. Russian colonial society in Tashkent, 1865–1923. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Shan, Peter Wen Jing & Sao Leng Sylvia Ieong. 2008. Post-colonial reflections on education development in Macau. Comparative Education Bulletin 11. 37–68.Search in Google Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 1979. Language structure and linguistic ideology. In Paul R. Clyne, William F. Hanks & Carol L. Hofbauer (eds.), The elements: A parasession on linguistic units and levels, 193–247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Search in Google Scholar

Simpson, Andrew. 2007a. Indonesia. In Andrew Simpson (ed.), Language and national identity in Asia, 312–336. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Simpson, Andrew. 2007b. Singapore. In Andrew Simpson (ed.), Language and national identity in Asia, 374–390. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Anthony D. 2010. Nationalism: Theory, ideology, history, 2nd edn. Malden, MA: Polity Press.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Graham, Vivien Law, Andrew Wilson, Annette Bohr & Edward Allworth. 1998. Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands: The politics of national identities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511598876Search in Google Scholar

Sonntag, Selma K. 1995. Elite competition and official language movements. In James W. Tollefson (ed.), Power and inequality in language education, 91–111. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Spolsky, Bernard. 2004. Language policy: Key topics in sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Spolsky, Bernard. 2009. Language management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511626470Search in Google Scholar

Tai, Eric. 1999. Kogugo and colonial education in Taiwan. Positions 7(2). 503–540.10.1215/10679847-7-2-503Search in Google Scholar

Truchot, Claude. 2003. Languages and supranationality in Europe: The linguistic influence of the European Union. In Jacques Maurais & Michael A. Morris (eds.), Languages in a globalizing world, 99–110. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511613739.008Search in Google Scholar

Ubiria, Grigol. 2016. Soviet nation-building in Central Asia: The making of the Kazakh and the Uzbek nations. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315715551Search in Google Scholar

Wheeler, Geoffrey. 1975. The Russian presence in Central Asia. Canadian Slavonic Papers 17(2–3). 189–201.10.1080/00085006.1975.11091404Search in Google Scholar

Wiley, Terrence G. 2000. Continuity and change in the function of language ideologies in the United States. In Thomas Ricento (ed.), Ideology, politics, and language policies: Focus on English, 67–86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/impact.6.07wilSearch in Google Scholar

Woolard, Kathryn A. 1992. Language ideology: Issues and approaches. Pragmatics 2(3). 235–249.10.1075/prag.2.3.01wooSearch in Google Scholar

Zhang, Bennan & Robin R. Yang. 2004. Putonghua education and language policy in postcolonial Hong Kong. In Minglang Zhou & Hongkai Sun (eds.), Language policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949, 143–162. Dordrecht: Kluwer.10.1007/1-4020-8039-5_8Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, Minglang. 2002. The spread of Putonghua and language attitude changes in Shanghai and Guangzhou, China. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 11(2). 231–253.10.1075/japc.11.2.07zhoSearch in Google Scholar

Zhou, Minglang. 2009. Language ideology and order: Globalization and multilingual education in the US and China. Journal of Jinan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences) 31(1). 45–56.Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, Minglang. 2010. The fate of the Soviet model of multinational state-building in the People’s Republic of China. In Thomas P. Bernstein & Hua-yu Li (eds.), China learns from the Soviet Union, 1949-present, 477–503. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, Minglang. 2011a. Globalization and language order: Teaching Chinese as a foreign language in the United States. In Linda Tsung & Ken Cruickshank (eds.), Teaching and learning Chinese in global context, 131–150. London: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, Minglang. 2011b. Tracking the historical development of China’s positive and preferential policies for minority education: Continuity and discontinuity. In Minglang Zhou & Ann Maxwell Hill (eds.), Affirmative Action in China and the U. S.: A dialogue on inequality and minority education, 47–70. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230100923_3Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, Minglang. 2012. Introduction: The contact between Putonghua (modern standard Chinese) and minority languages in China. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 215. 19–17.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2016-12-10
Published in Print: 2017-1-1

©2017 by De Gruyter Mouton

Downloaded on 13.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0047/html
Scroll to top button