Abstract
Objective
Phenomenography is a qualitative research method used to explore the different ways individuals experience phenomena. Over the last few decades, use of the research method grew in various higher education disciplines; however, use of the method for nursing education research was limited until early in the 21st century.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to describe the main ideas of phenomenography methodology and provide a simplified integrative review of the contributions to nursing education research.
Methods
Whittemore and Knafl (2005) five-step integrative review process was used to guide the literature search and evaluate findings of published works between 2009 and 2019.
Results
Thirteen articles, including one comprehensive literature review, were identified in the literature search.
Conclusion
Findings illustrated phenomenography methodology was used to evaluate and improve teaching and learning principles, complex faculty and student issues, curriculum and professional development, and educational practices within nursing education. Phenomenography research can be instrumental in providing a more realistic worldview of individual differing experiences of nursing education phenomena.
Research funding: None declared.
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
References
Akerlind, G., McKenzie, J., & Lupton, M. (2014). The potential of combining phenomenography, variation theory, and threshold concepts to inform curriculum design in higher education. In Theory and method in higher education research II (pp. 227–247).10.1108/S1479-3628(2014)0000010017Suche in Google Scholar
Arveklev, S. H., Berg, L., Wigert, H., & Morrison-Helme, M. (2018). Nursing students experiences of learning about nursing through drama. Nurse Education in Practice, 28, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.09.007.Suche in Google Scholar
Arvidsson, B., & Franke, A. (2013). Nurse’s various ways of conceiving their learning process as doctoral students: A phenomenographic study. Nurse Education in Practice, 13, 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2012.07.002.Suche in Google Scholar
Barattucci, M., & Bocciolesi, E. (2018). Phenomenography in the student learning perspective: A review of studies in academic contexts. Encyclopaideia –Journal of Phenomenology and Education, 22(n50), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1825-8670/7900.Suche in Google Scholar
Barnard, A., McCosker, H., & Gerber, R. (1999). Phenomenography: A qualitative research approach for exploring understanding in healthcare. Qualitative Health Research, 9(2), 212–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973299129121794.Suche in Google Scholar
Barry, S., Ward, L., & Walter, R. (2017). Exploring nursing students’ experiences of learning using phenomenography: A literature review. Journal of Nursing Education, 56(10), 591–598. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20170918-03.Suche in Google Scholar
Booth, S., & Ingerman, A. (2002). Making sense of physics in the first year of study. Learning and Instruction, 12, 493–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4752(01)00028-7.Suche in Google Scholar
Bowden, J. A. (2000). The nature of phenomenographic research. In J. A. Bowden & E. Walsh (Eds.), Phenomenography (pp. 1–18). Melbourne, Australia: RMIT.Suche in Google Scholar
Bowden, J. (2005). Reflections on the phenomenographic research process. In J. Bowden, & P. Green (Eds.), Doing developmental phenomenography. Qualitative Research Methods Series. RMIT University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Bowden, J. A., & Walsh, E. (2000). Phenomenography. Melbourne, Australia: RMIT.Suche in Google Scholar
Brookfield, S. D. (2006). The skillful teacher. On technique, trust, and responsiveness in the classroom (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Suche in Google Scholar
Christiansen, A. (2011). Storytelling and professional learning: A phenomenographic study of students’ experience of patient digital stories in nurse education. Nurse Education Today, 31(3), 289–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.10.006.Suche in Google Scholar
Collier-Reed, B., & Ingerman, A. (2013). Phenomenography: From critical aspects to knowledge claim. In M. Tight, & J. Huisman (Eds.), International perspectives on higher education research (Vol. 9, pp. 243–260).10.1108/S1479-3628(2013)0000009016Suche in Google Scholar
Cope, C. (2002). Educationally critical aspects of the concept of information system. Informing Science, 5(2), 67–79.10.28945/538Suche in Google Scholar
Crawford, K., Gordon, S., Nicholas, J., & Prosser, M. (1994). Conceptions of mathematics and how it is learned: The perspectives of students entering university. Learning and Instruction, 4, 331–345.10.1016/0959-4752(94)90005-1Suche in Google Scholar
Crossham, A. F. (2017). An evaluation of phenomenography. Library and Information Research, 14(125), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.29173/lirg755.Suche in Google Scholar
Daly, S. R., Adams, R. S., Bodner, G. M., & Kelly, A. E. (2012). What does it mean to design? A qualitative investigation of design professionals’ experiences. Journal of Engineering Education, 101(2), 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb00048.x20151204192623740715384.Suche in Google Scholar
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Suche in Google Scholar
Dringenberg, E., Mendoza-Garcia, J. A., Tafur, M., Fila, N., & Hsu, M. C. (2015). Using phenomenography: Reflections on key considerations for making methodological decisions. In 122nd ASEE annual conference & exposition. Seattle, WA: American Society for Engineering Education.10.18260/p.25012Suche in Google Scholar
Ellis, R. (2004). University student approaches to learning science through writing. International Journal of Science Education, 26(15), 1835–1853. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069042000243772.Suche in Google Scholar
Erlandsson, K., Osman, F., Hatakka, M., Egal, J. A., Bryskog, U., Pedersen, C., & Klingberg-Allvin, M. (2017). Evaluation of an online master’s programme in Somaliland. A phenomenographic study on the experience of professional and personal development among midwifery faculty. Nurse Education in Practice, 25, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.05.007.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Feldon, D. F., & Tofel-Grehl, C. (2018). Phenomenography as a foundation for mixed models research. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(7), 887–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218772640.Suche in Google Scholar
Forbes, H. (2011). Clinical teachers’ conceptions of nursing. Journal of Nursing Education, 50(3), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20100930-06.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Fyrenius, A., Wirell, S., & Silen, C. (2007). Student approaches to achieving understanding: Approaches to learning revisited. Studies in Higher Education, 32(2), 49–65.10.1080/03075070701267194Suche in Google Scholar
Giorgi, A. (1999). A phenomenological perspective on some phenomenographic results on learning. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 30(2), 68–93. https://doi.org/10.1163/156916299X00110.Suche in Google Scholar
Hazel, E., & Prosser, M. (1994). First-year university students’ understanding of photosynthesis, their study strategies and learning context. The American Biology Teacher, 56(5), 274–279.10.2307/4449820Suche in Google Scholar
Heyman, L., Webster, B. J., & Tee, S. (2015). Curriculum development through understanding the student nurse experience of suicide intervention education−A phenomenographic study. Nurse Education in Practice, 15, 498–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.04.008.Suche in Google Scholar
Kautz, K., & Nielsen, P. (2011). Scandinavian information systems research. In First Scandinavian conference on information systems, SCIS 2010, Rebild, Denmark, August 20–22, 2010, proceedings. Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-14874-3Suche in Google Scholar
Khan, S. H. (2014). Phenomenography: A qualitative research methodology in Bangladesh. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 5(2), 34–43.Suche in Google Scholar
Leininger, M. (1994). Evaluation criteria and critique of qualitative research studies. In J. Morse (Ed.), Critical issues in qualitative research methods (pp. 95–115). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Suche in Google Scholar
Linder, C., & Marshall, D. (2003). Reflection and phenomenography: Towards theoretical and educational development possibilities. Learning and Instruction, 13(3), 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4752(02)00002-6.Suche in Google Scholar
Love, N., & Fry, N. (2006). Accounting students’ perceptions of a virtual learning environment: Springboard or safety net? Accounting Education: International Journal, 15(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/06939280600609201.Suche in Google Scholar
Lyons, F., & Prosser, M. (1995). Qualitative differences in student learning of electrical phenomena. In C. McNaught, & K. Beattie (Eds.), Research into higher education: Dilemmas, directions, and diversions (pp. 83–90). Victoria, Australia: Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australia (HERDSA).Suche in Google Scholar
Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography: Describing conceptions of the world around us. Instructional Science, 10, 177–200.10.1007/BF00132516Suche in Google Scholar
Marton, F. (1986). Phenomenography. A research approach investigating different understandings of reality. Journal of Thought, 21(2), 28–49.Suche in Google Scholar
Marton, F. (2000). The structure of awareness. In J. A. Bowden & E. Walsh (Eds.), Phenomenography (pp. 102–116). Melbourne, Australia: RMIT.Suche in Google Scholar
Marton, F. (2014). Necessary conditions of learning. New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9781315816876Suche in Google Scholar
Marton, F., & Booth, S. (1997). Learning and awareness. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Suche in Google Scholar
Marton, F., & Pang, M. F. (2006). Meanings are acquired from experiencing differences against a background of sameness, rather than from experiencing sameness against a background of difference: Putting a conjecture to the test by embedding it in a pedagogical tool. Frontline Learning Research, 1, 24–41. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v1i1.16.Suche in Google Scholar
Marton, F., & Pang, M. (2008). The idea of phenomenography and the pedagogy of conceptual change. In S. Vosniadou (Ed.), International handbook on research of conceptual change (pp. 533–559). New York, NY: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
McClenny, T. L. (2018). Student experiences of high-stakes testing for progression in one undergraduate nursing program. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 15(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2017-0001.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Meyer, J. H. F., & Land, R. (2003). Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge (1): Linkages to thinking and practising within the disciplines. In C. Rust (Ed.), Improving student learning: Improving student learning theory and practice – ten years on (pp. 412–424). Oxford: OCSLD.Suche in Google Scholar
Munhall, P. L. (2012). Nursing research: A qualitative perspective (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.Suche in Google Scholar
Newton, G., & Martin, E. (2005). Blooming, SOLO taxonomy, and phenomenography as assessment strategies in undergraduate science education. Journal of College Science Teaching, 43(2), 78–90.10.2505/4/jcst13_043_02_78Suche in Google Scholar
Ornek, F. (2008). Overview of a theoretical framework of phenomenography in qualitative education research: An example from physics education research. 20150102214052658074260; 201411222237081237044215.Suche in Google Scholar
Osterlind, J., Prahl, C., Westin, L., Strang, S., Bergh, I., & Henoch, I. (2016). Nursing students perceptions of caring for dying people after one year year in nursing school. Nurse Education Today, 41, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.03.016.Suche in Google Scholar
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.Suche in Google Scholar
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Suche in Google Scholar
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Suche in Google Scholar
Reed, B. I. (2006). Phenomenography as a way to research the understanding by students of technical concepts. In Núcleo de Pesquisa emTecnologia da Arquitetura e Urbanismo (NUTAU): Technological Innovation and Sustainability, Sao Paulo, Brazil. (pp. 1–11).Suche in Google Scholar
Reed, B. C., McKenzie, & Ingerman, A. (2013). Phenomenography: From critical aspects to knowledge claim. In J. Huisman & M. Tight (Eds.), Theory and method in higher education research (pp. 243–260). United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.10.1108/S1479-3628(2013)0000009016Suche in Google Scholar
Reid, A., & Petocz, P. (2002). Student conceptions of statistics: A phenomenographic study. Journal of Statistics Education [Online], 10(2). Retrieved from http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v10n2/reid.html.10.1080/10691898.2002.11910662Suche in Google Scholar
Sin, S. (2010). Considerations of quality in phenomenographic research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 9(4), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691000900401.Suche in Google Scholar
Sjöström, B., & Dahlgren, L. O. (2002). Applying phenomenography in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40(3), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02375.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Skär, L. & Söderberg, S. (2016). Swedish nursing students’ perceptions of the concept of health: A phenomenographic study. Health Education Journal, 75(4), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896915591370.Suche in Google Scholar
Stenfors-Hayes, T., Hult, H., & Dahlgren, L. O. (2011a). What does it mean to be a mentor in medical education? Medical Teacher, 33(8), e423–e428. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2011.586746.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Stenfors-Hayes, T., Hult, H., & Dahlgren, L. O. (2011b). What does it mean to be a good teacher and clinical supervisor in medical education? Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice, 16(2), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-010-9255-2.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Stenfors-Hayes, T., Hult, H., & Dahlgren, M. A. (2013). A phenomenographic approach to research in medical education. Medical Education, 47, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12101.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Streubert, H. J., & Carpenter, D. R. (2011). Qualitative research in nursing. Advancing the humanistic imperative (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Suche in Google Scholar
Tagher, C. G., & Robinson, E. M. (2016). Critical aspects of stress in a high-stakes testing environment: A phenomenographical approach. Journal of Nursing Education, 55(3), 160–163. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20160216-07.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Tight, M. (2016). Phenomenography: The development and application of an innovative research design in higher education research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 19(3), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2015.1010284.Suche in Google Scholar
Trigwell, K. (2000). A phenomenographic interview on phenomenography. In J. Bowden, & E. Walsh (Eds.), Phenomenography (pp. 63–82). Melbourne: RMIT University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Vartiainen, T. (2008). Student life in computing: A variety of conflicting moral requirements. In Paper presented at the tenth Australasian computing education conference, Wollongong, Australia.Suche in Google Scholar
Venkatasalu, M. R., Kelleher, M., & Shao, C. H. (2015). Reported clinical outcomes of high-fidelity simulation versus classroom-based end-of-life care education. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 21(4), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2015.21.4.179.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Wai Yan Wan, S., & Wai-San Wan, S. (2018). Using phenomenography in educational technology research from 2003 to 2017: A systematic review and content analysis. In ICLS 2018 Proceedings, UK. (pp. 1097–1100).Suche in Google Scholar
Webber, S., Boon, S., & Johnston, B. (2005). A comparison of UK academics’ conceptions of information literacy in two disciplines: English and marketing. Library and Information Research, 29(93), 4–15.10.29173/lirg197Suche in Google Scholar
Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: Updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Wihlborg, M. (1999). Student nurses’ conceptions of internationalization: A phenomenographic study. Nursing Education Today, 19(7), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1054/nedt.1999.0343.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Yates, C., Partridge, H., & Bruce, C. (2012). Exploring information experiences through phenomenography. Library and Information Research, 36(112), 96–119.10.29173/lirg496Suche in Google Scholar
Zarandona, J., Cillero, I. H., & Arrue, M. (2019). Nursing students’ misunderstandings when learning about stroke care: A phenomenographic study. Nurse Education Today, 73, 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.11.013.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Editorial
- A note of gratitude
- Research Articles
- Assessing baccalaureate nursing students’ knowledge and attitudes of social determinants of health after a health equity simulation
- Use of phenomenography in nursing education research
- A comparison of RN licensure test plans: the United States and China with implications for the Chinese nursing licensure exam
- From practical nurse to bachelor of nursing student: bridging the transition
- A caring model for nursing education
- Nurse and midwife educators’ experiences of translating teaching methodology knowledge into practice in Rwanda
- Nursing student-patient relationship – a 10-year comparison study in Finland
- An educational intervention to promote civility in nursing: a pilot study
- Self-compassion in undergraduate nursing: an integrative review
- Seeking transformation: how students in nursing view their academic writing context – a qualitative systematic review
- Assessing knowledge of genomic concepts among Canadian nursing students and faculty
- Nurse students’ attitudes toward the nursing profession after witnessing workplace violence
- The effectiveness of scenario-based learning to develop patient safety behavior in first year nursing students
- Impact of an extracurricular, student-led journal club on evidence-based practice among baccalaureate nursing students
- Nursing students’ engagement and experiences with virtual reality in an undergraduate bioscience course
- Concept-based curriculum: design and implementation strategies
- Assessing the impact of mentorship on nurses’ and midwives’ knowledge and self-efficacy in managing postpartum hemorrhage
- Teaching evidence-based nursing practice to student nurses in developing countries: strategies for novice nurse educators
- Nursing students’ perceptions of and experiences coping with stress in clinical practice
- Unpacking the hidden curriculum in nursing education: clinical placements abroad
- Facilitating and hindering experiences to the development of humanistic caring in the academic and clinical settings: an interpretive phenomenological study with nursing students and nurses
- Resilience in first and second semester baccalaureate nursing students
- Clinical stress among undergraduate nursing students: perceptions of clinical nursing faculty
- The potential for learning within hospital learning communities: the interplay between nursing practice and education to support research ability
- Embracing evidence-based nursing and informational literacy through an innovative undergraduate collaborative project
- The effect of linguistic modification on English as a second language (ESL) nursing student retention
- Perceived stress, physiological stress reactivity, and exit exam performance in a prelicensure Bachelor of Science nursing program
- A Comparative Analysis of Teaching and Evaluation Methods in Nurse Practitioner Education Programs in Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands and USA
- Gett’n on the bus: evaluation of Sentinel City®3.0 virtual simulation in community/population health clinical placement
- Intentional learning: a student-centered pedagogy
- Journey to simulation program accreditation
- Effect of a rapid e-learning module and brief interprofessional simulation event on medical and nursing student collaborative attitudes and behaviors
- Using Participatory Action Research to Explore the Nursing Academic Work Environment
- Theoretical Approaches to Studying Incivility in Nursing Education
- Students’ Self-assessed Competence Levels during Nursing Education Continuum – A Cross-sectional Survey
- Re-imaging Clinical Education: The Interdependence of the Self-Regulated Clinical Teacher and Nursing Student
- Effect of an Educational Intervention Delivered to Senior Nursing Students to Strengthen Spiritual Care for People with Chronic Illness
- A Description of the Characteristics and Behaviors of Master Teachers in Nursing
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Editorial
- A note of gratitude
- Research Articles
- Assessing baccalaureate nursing students’ knowledge and attitudes of social determinants of health after a health equity simulation
- Use of phenomenography in nursing education research
- A comparison of RN licensure test plans: the United States and China with implications for the Chinese nursing licensure exam
- From practical nurse to bachelor of nursing student: bridging the transition
- A caring model for nursing education
- Nurse and midwife educators’ experiences of translating teaching methodology knowledge into practice in Rwanda
- Nursing student-patient relationship – a 10-year comparison study in Finland
- An educational intervention to promote civility in nursing: a pilot study
- Self-compassion in undergraduate nursing: an integrative review
- Seeking transformation: how students in nursing view their academic writing context – a qualitative systematic review
- Assessing knowledge of genomic concepts among Canadian nursing students and faculty
- Nurse students’ attitudes toward the nursing profession after witnessing workplace violence
- The effectiveness of scenario-based learning to develop patient safety behavior in first year nursing students
- Impact of an extracurricular, student-led journal club on evidence-based practice among baccalaureate nursing students
- Nursing students’ engagement and experiences with virtual reality in an undergraduate bioscience course
- Concept-based curriculum: design and implementation strategies
- Assessing the impact of mentorship on nurses’ and midwives’ knowledge and self-efficacy in managing postpartum hemorrhage
- Teaching evidence-based nursing practice to student nurses in developing countries: strategies for novice nurse educators
- Nursing students’ perceptions of and experiences coping with stress in clinical practice
- Unpacking the hidden curriculum in nursing education: clinical placements abroad
- Facilitating and hindering experiences to the development of humanistic caring in the academic and clinical settings: an interpretive phenomenological study with nursing students and nurses
- Resilience in first and second semester baccalaureate nursing students
- Clinical stress among undergraduate nursing students: perceptions of clinical nursing faculty
- The potential for learning within hospital learning communities: the interplay between nursing practice and education to support research ability
- Embracing evidence-based nursing and informational literacy through an innovative undergraduate collaborative project
- The effect of linguistic modification on English as a second language (ESL) nursing student retention
- Perceived stress, physiological stress reactivity, and exit exam performance in a prelicensure Bachelor of Science nursing program
- A Comparative Analysis of Teaching and Evaluation Methods in Nurse Practitioner Education Programs in Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands and USA
- Gett’n on the bus: evaluation of Sentinel City®3.0 virtual simulation in community/population health clinical placement
- Intentional learning: a student-centered pedagogy
- Journey to simulation program accreditation
- Effect of a rapid e-learning module and brief interprofessional simulation event on medical and nursing student collaborative attitudes and behaviors
- Using Participatory Action Research to Explore the Nursing Academic Work Environment
- Theoretical Approaches to Studying Incivility in Nursing Education
- Students’ Self-assessed Competence Levels during Nursing Education Continuum – A Cross-sectional Survey
- Re-imaging Clinical Education: The Interdependence of the Self-Regulated Clinical Teacher and Nursing Student
- Effect of an Educational Intervention Delivered to Senior Nursing Students to Strengthen Spiritual Care for People with Chronic Illness
- A Description of the Characteristics and Behaviors of Master Teachers in Nursing