Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the process of using AMOS to test first- and higher-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models. We performed the analyses with the AMOS 17.0 statistic package, a very user-friendly program for structural equation modeling. In this paper, we describe the concepts, theories, and basic steps of conducting CFA as well as provide a general introduction to the software AMOS. The process of conducting two different types of CFA within the framework of AMOS program (first-order CFA and higher-order or hierarchical CFA) are illustrated based on the data collected from 604 secondary school teachers involved in the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong. The factor structure of a subjective outcome evaluation form developed to assess program implementers’ subjective evaluation about the project was examined.
Acknowledgments
The preparation of this paper and the Project P.A.T.H.S. were financially supported by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust. The authorship is carried equally between the first and second authors.
References
1. Reymont R, Jöreskog KG. Applied factor analysis in the natural sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
2. Spearman C. General intelligence, objectively determined and measured. Am J Psychol 1904;15:201–93.10.2307/1412107Search in Google Scholar
3. Thompson B, Dennings B. The unnumbered graphic scale as a data-collection method: An investigation comparing three measurement strategies in the context of Q-technique factor analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, New Orleans, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
4. Kerlinger FN. Foundations of behavioral research, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Holt Rinehart Winston, 1986.Search in Google Scholar
5. Gorsuch RL. Factor analysis, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, 1983.Search in Google Scholar
6. Shek DTL, Yu L. Use of structural equation modeling in human development research. Int J Disabil Human Dev 2014;13:157–67.Search in Google Scholar
7. Arbuckle JL. Amos (Version 17.0) [Computer Program]. Chicago, IL: SPSS, 2008.Search in Google Scholar
8. Rindskoph D, Rose T. Some theory and applications of confirmatory second-order factor analysis. Multivar Behav Res 1988;23:51–67.10.1207/s15327906mbr2301_3Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
10. Saris WE, Satorra A, Sörbom D. The detection and correction of specification errors in structural equation models. In: Clogg CC, editor. Sociological methodology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass 1997:105–29.10.2307/271030Search in Google Scholar
11. Aluja A, Rossier J, Garcia LF, Angleitner A, Kuhlman M, Zuckerman M. A cross-cultural shortened form of the ZKPQ (ZKPQ-50-cc) adapted to English, French, German, and Spanish languages. Pers Indiv Differ 2006;41:619–28.10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.001Search in Google Scholar
12. Lei P, Wu Q. Introduction to structural equation modeling: issues and practical considerations. Educ Meas 2007;26:33–43.10.1111/j.1745-3992.2007.00099.xSearch in Google Scholar
13. Akaike H. Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika 1987;52:317–32.10.1007/BF02294359Search in Google Scholar
14. Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993:445–55.Search in Google Scholar
15. Arbuckle JL. Amos 17.0 user’s guide. Chicago: SPSS, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
16. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. LISREL 8.7 for Windows. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, 2004.10.1002/0471667196.ess1481Search in Google Scholar
17. Guo B, Perron BE, Gillespie DF. A systematic review of structural equation modelling in social work research. Br J Soc Work 2009;39:1556–74.10.1093/bjsw/bcn101Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
18. Shek DTL, Siu AM, Lui JH, Lung, DW. P.A.T.H.S. to Adulthood: A Jockey Club Youth Enhancement Scheme (evaluation manual). Social Welfare Practice and Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
19. Chou CP, Bentler PM. Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In: Hoyle RH, editor. Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995:37–55.Search in Google Scholar
20. Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 1990;107:238–246.10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238Search in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001.Search in Google Scholar
22. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Evaluating model fit. In: Hoyle RH, editor. Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995:76–99.Search in Google Scholar
23. Jöreskog KG, Aish AM. Structural modeling by example – applications in educational, sociological, and behavioral research. Contemp Psychol 1990;35:687–8.Search in Google Scholar
24. Shek DTL, Ma CM. Program implementers’ evaluation of the Project P.A.T.H.S.: findings based on different datasets over time. ScientificWorldJournal 2012, ArticleID 918437, 10 pages. Doi: 10.1100/2012/918437.10.1100/2012/918437Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
25. Shek DTL, Yu L. A review of validated youth prevention and positive youth development programmes in Asia. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2011;23:317–24.Search in Google Scholar
26. Sun RC, Shek DTL. Positive youth development, life satisfaction and problem behaviour among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: a replication. Soc Indic Res 2012;105:541–59.10.1007/s11205-011-9786-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
27. Shek DTL, Siu AM, Lee TY. Subjective outcome evaluation of the Project P.A.T.H.S.: Findings based on the perspective of the program implementers. ScientificWorldJournal 2007;7:195–203.10.1100/tsw.2007.43Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Statistical analyses in human development research
- Reviews
- Use of structural equation modeling in human development research
- Application of SPSS linear mixed methods to adolescent development research: basic concepts and steps
- How to plot growth curves based on SPSS output? Illustrations based on a study on adolescent development
- Confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS: a demonstration
- Testing factorial invariance across groups: an illustration using AMOS
- The use of confirmatory factor analyses in adolescent research: Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong
- Family functioning, positive youth development, and internet addiction in junior secondary school students: structural equation modeling using AMOS
- Original Articles
- Using structural equation modeling to examine consumption of pornographic materials in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong
- Intention to engage in sexual behavior: influence of family functioning and positive youth development over time
- Objective outcome evaluation of a positive youth development program in China
- Subjective outcome evaluation of the training program of the project P.A.T.H.S.: findings based on the revised training program
- Subjective outcome evaluation of a positive youth development program in China
- The Chinese Adolescent Materialism Scale: psychometric properties and normative profiles
- The Chinese Adolescent Egocentrism Scale: psychometric properties and normative profiles
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Statistical analyses in human development research
- Reviews
- Use of structural equation modeling in human development research
- Application of SPSS linear mixed methods to adolescent development research: basic concepts and steps
- How to plot growth curves based on SPSS output? Illustrations based on a study on adolescent development
- Confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS: a demonstration
- Testing factorial invariance across groups: an illustration using AMOS
- The use of confirmatory factor analyses in adolescent research: Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong
- Family functioning, positive youth development, and internet addiction in junior secondary school students: structural equation modeling using AMOS
- Original Articles
- Using structural equation modeling to examine consumption of pornographic materials in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong
- Intention to engage in sexual behavior: influence of family functioning and positive youth development over time
- Objective outcome evaluation of a positive youth development program in China
- Subjective outcome evaluation of the training program of the project P.A.T.H.S.: findings based on the revised training program
- Subjective outcome evaluation of a positive youth development program in China
- The Chinese Adolescent Materialism Scale: psychometric properties and normative profiles
- The Chinese Adolescent Egocentrism Scale: psychometric properties and normative profiles