A review of conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods for treating potable water and wastewater
Abstract
Disinfecting the water is a crucial step in ensuring its purity. Common water-borne illnesses that can be managed include cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, salmonellosis, shigellosis, and others. These illnesses can be treated using a variety of techniques that can lower the overall number of live microbes in the water. This review article provides a thorough analysis of the traditional and unconventional disinfection techniques used to get rid of dangerous germs from surfaces, water, and the air. Each approach’s benefits and drawbacks are assessed, as well as how well it works against different kinds of infections. Boiling, chlorination, chloramine, bleaching powder, peroxyacetic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds and UV radiation are a few of the traditional methods used to disinfect water. Other techniques of disinfection that use chlorine include treating water with sodium hypochlorite solution and using solid calcium hypochlorite solution. Ozone production, electrolysed water, cold plasma technology, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, and microbial surfactants are examples of unconventional techniques. Because of their great effectiveness and environmental friendliness, microbial surfactants and cold plasma technology stand out as the most promising of these. Notwithstanding their promise, these cutting-edge techniques are frequently underutilized in real-world settings, offering a chance for additional study and advancement to improve water disinfection techniques in a sustainable manner.
Funding source: Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University
Award Identifier / Grant number: GRP2/287/44
Acknowledgement
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group Research Project under grant number GRP2/287/44. This manuscript has Integral University Manuscript Communication Number: IU/R&D/2024-MCN0002332.
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Research ethics: Not applicable. 
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Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study. 
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Author contributions: Saimah Khan: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft preparation, Visualization. Zeba Ali Mumtaj: Resources, Writing-original draft preparation, Visualization. Abdul Rahman Khan: Software, Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation. Dhafer Ali Abdullah Alqahtani: Project Administration, Funding Acquisition. Naseem Ahmad: Resources, Supervision, Writing-Review & Editing. 
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared. 
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Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest. 
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Research funding: Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group Research Project under grant number GRP2/287/44. 
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Data availability: Not applicable. 
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© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Preface: Special Issue dedicated to “The International Conference on Navigating Global Energy Transition for a Sustainable Future (ICNETS 2024)” at the Energy Summit-2024 UPES, Dehradun, India
- Reviews
- A review of conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods for treating potable water and wastewater
- Comprehensive assessment of carbon market potential in India: a case study of prominent energy and power majors
- R & D needs in the field of clay modified polymeric coatings
- Articles
- Drying and thermal studies of antimicrobial – poly(styrene)-poly(methyl methacrylate)-toluene coatings doped with CuO nanoparticles
- Critical study of reservoir and hydraulic fracture parameters on cumulative shale gas production – a sensitivity analysis
- Machine learning based modeling of the dynamic Poisson’s ratio for petroleum oil field
- Copper oxide-based nanofluids for the shell and tube heat exchanger: performance analysis
- Analysis of breakthrough curve and application of response surface methodology for the optimization of VOC adsorption
- A comprehensive analysis of household air pollution due to traditional cooking in the himalayan belt
- Aloe vera oil biodiesel with silicon dioxide additive for diesel engine: performance and emission study
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Preface: Special Issue dedicated to “The International Conference on Navigating Global Energy Transition for a Sustainable Future (ICNETS 2024)” at the Energy Summit-2024 UPES, Dehradun, India
- Reviews
- A review of conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods for treating potable water and wastewater
- Comprehensive assessment of carbon market potential in India: a case study of prominent energy and power majors
- R & D needs in the field of clay modified polymeric coatings
- Articles
- Drying and thermal studies of antimicrobial – poly(styrene)-poly(methyl methacrylate)-toluene coatings doped with CuO nanoparticles
- Critical study of reservoir and hydraulic fracture parameters on cumulative shale gas production – a sensitivity analysis
- Machine learning based modeling of the dynamic Poisson’s ratio for petroleum oil field
- Copper oxide-based nanofluids for the shell and tube heat exchanger: performance analysis
- Analysis of breakthrough curve and application of response surface methodology for the optimization of VOC adsorption
- A comprehensive analysis of household air pollution due to traditional cooking in the himalayan belt
- Aloe vera oil biodiesel with silicon dioxide additive for diesel engine: performance and emission study