从马来西亚华语看全球华语的跨境规划
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王 晓梅
摘要
全球华语的概念近年来随着华语的国际传播而日益受到学术界的重视。目前，接受度较高的定义为 “以普通话/国语为基础的全世界华人的共同语”。它强调其内核是普通话的规范标准，然而我们不能忽视的是各个国语/华语变体中语言变异无处不在。我们应如何看待这些变异现象？跨境的华语规划应如何实施？本文以马来西亚华语为例，展示其语法变异现象，讨论华语规划应遵循的原则。我们以马来西亚华语中 “A 较 B 为 C”、“被” 字句和疑问句尾的 “的” 字为例，说明它们所受到的马来语、英语、近代汉语以及闽粤等方言的影响。本文主张制定跨境的华语规划时应充分考虑各地的华语变体的特点，以具体语言变式是否在书面语中使用、是否为该言语社区成员所普遍接受来认定其是否规范，而制定标准时来自近代汉语、方言以及外语的语言成分应该予以肯定。马来西亚的情况应该可以推广至东南亚以及其他地区，各地相似的语言背景、人口构成、移民历史等为我们制定跨境的华语规划带来一定的便利，也让采用全球华语的视角成为可能。
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of global Chinese has been increasingly valued with the international spread of Mandarin, which is defined as “the common language of Chinese people around the world based on Putonghua/Guoyu” (Li Yuming 2017. 大华语: 全球华人的共同语 (The greater Chinese: Lingua Franca of the global Chinese). 《语言文字应用》(Applied linguistics). No. 1. 2–13). It emphasizes that its core is the normative standard of Putonghua, but what cannot be ignored is that language variation is ubiquitous in various Mandarin/Chinese variants. How should we treat these variations? How should cross-border Chinese planning be implemented? This article takes Malaysian Mandarin as an example to show its grammatical variation and discuss the principles that global Chinese planning should follow. Three grammatical structures in Malaysian Mandarin, “A jiao B wei C”, the “Bei” structure and the sentence-final particle “de” are used to illustrate the influence from Malay, English, classical Chinese, southern Min dialect and Cantonese. This article argues that when making cross-border Chinese language planning, full consideration should be given to the characteristics of Chinese language variants in various places. Whether specific language variants are used in written languages or whether they are generally accepted by members of the speech community is used to determine whether they are standardized. The language components of classical Chinese, dialects and foreign languages should be considered when developing language specifications. The situation in Malaysia should be extended to Southeast Asia and other regions. The similar language background, population composition, and immigration history of various places have brought some convenience to our cross-border Chinese language planning, and also made it possible to adopt a global Chinese perspective.
Funding statement: 本研究得到厦门大学马来西亚分校研究基金 (XMUMRF/2018-C1/IART/0001)以及中国国家社科重大项目“海外华语资源数据库建设及应用研究”（19ZDA311）的支持，特此感谢。
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© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Silent conversation through Brushtalk (筆談): The use of Sinitic as a scripta franca in early modern East Asia
- Will a character based writing system stop Chinese becoming a global language? A review and reconsideration of the debate
- Language change and convergence in multilingual Malaysian Chinese
- The effects of media exposure and language attitudes on grammaticality judgments
- Thematic section “Studies of Chinese language in Malaysia”, Guest edited by Xiaomei Wang
- 多向度的马来西亚华语研究
- 战前马新华语的推广与传播
- 二战前 “国语运动” 在新马社会的开展与普及
- 从马来西亚华语和新加坡华语的谓补结构谈方言干扰的限度
- 新马华语与早期国语的关系考察
- 从马来西亚华语看全球华语的跨境规划
- 马来西亚华语传播的新趋势
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Silent conversation through Brushtalk (筆談): The use of Sinitic as a scripta franca in early modern East Asia
- Will a character based writing system stop Chinese becoming a global language? A review and reconsideration of the debate
- Language change and convergence in multilingual Malaysian Chinese
- The effects of media exposure and language attitudes on grammaticality judgments
- Thematic section “Studies of Chinese language in Malaysia”, Guest edited by Xiaomei Wang
- 多向度的马来西亚华语研究
- 战前马新华语的推广与传播
- 二战前 “国语运动” 在新马社会的开展与普及
- 从马来西亚华语和新加坡华语的谓补结构谈方言干扰的限度
- 新马华语与早期国语的关系考察
- 从马来西亚华语看全球华语的跨境规划
- 马来西亚华语传播的新趋势
