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Advances in antenna design through characteristic modes: a review of simulation techniques and development

  • Sumon Modak , Vikrant Kaim , Taimoor Khan EMAIL logo , Binod Kumar Kanaujia , Sembiam R. Rengarajan , Ahmed A. Kishk and Yahia M. M. Antar
Published/Copyright: April 28, 2025
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Frequenz
From the journal Frequenz Volume 79 Issue 9-10

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review highlighting the progress made over the last few years, illuminating the state of the art in antenna designs based on characteristic modes theory and its application. The ultimate objective of this review is to provide an inclusive study of the recent advancements in characteristic mode analysis to design and optimize various antenna structures. The study will provide a broad coverage of characteristic modes theory, the underlying theoretical framework, and its significance in designing effective antenna structures. Additionally, the step-by-step methodology for antenna design using characteristic mode theory in commercial EM solvers has been extensively discussed. This article will be beneficial for beginners to explore the potential of characteristic modes and its applications enable them to embark on innovation working in this exciting field.

Keywords: CMA; 5G; millimeter wave; MIMO antenna; metasurface
Corresponding author: Taimoor Khan, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, 788010, India, E-mail:

Funding source: Science and Engineering Research Board

Award Identifier / Grant number: No. VJR/2019/000009, dated 22 July 2020

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India under Visiting Advanced Joint Research (VAJRA), Govt. of India, Scheme (No. VJR/2019/000009, dated 22 July 2020).

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2024-0358).

Received: 2024-11-27
Accepted: 2025-03-31
Published Online: 2025-04-28
Published in Print: 2025-10-27

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Articles
  3. Advances in antenna design through characteristic modes: a review of simulation techniques and development
  4. A review on soft computing optimization techniques for electromagnetics
  5. Editorial
  6. Design of wideband filtering phase shifters with wide stopband
  7. Research Articles
  8. Balanced BPFs with wideband CM suppression and high selectivity based on double-sided parallel-strip line
  9. Balanced dual-band BPF with enhanced DM selectivity and stopband suppression
  10. Balanced dual-wideband BPF utilizing quad-mode slotline resonator
  11. Design, fabrication and testing of microwave bandpass filter using metamaterial integrated rectangular waveguide
  12. High-gain UWB Fabry–Perot cavity antenna with dual-notched band for high-resolution imaging applications
  13. A four port MIMO antenna using chip resistor based decoupling in 5G and 6G applications
  14. Contactless early-stage deep seated breast tumor detection using circular slotted patch antenna
  15. An ultraminiaturized implantable antenna with low SAR for biotelemetry
https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2024-0358
Keywords for this article
CMA; 5G; millimeter wave; MIMO antenna; metasurface

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Articles
  3. Advances in antenna design through characteristic modes: a review of simulation techniques and development
  4. A review on soft computing optimization techniques for electromagnetics
  5. Editorial
  6. Design of wideband filtering phase shifters with wide stopband
  7. Research Articles
  8. Balanced BPFs with wideband CM suppression and high selectivity based on double-sided parallel-strip line
  9. Balanced dual-band BPF with enhanced DM selectivity and stopband suppression
  10. Balanced dual-wideband BPF utilizing quad-mode slotline resonator
  11. Design, fabrication and testing of microwave bandpass filter using metamaterial integrated rectangular waveguide
  12. High-gain UWB Fabry–Perot cavity antenna with dual-notched band for high-resolution imaging applications
  13. A four port MIMO antenna using chip resistor based decoupling in 5G and 6G applications
  14. Contactless early-stage deep seated breast tumor detection using circular slotted patch antenna
  15. An ultraminiaturized implantable antenna with low SAR for biotelemetry
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