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Right Time to Focus? Time of Day and Cognitive Performance

  • Anita Staneva EMAIL logo , Qing Zhang and Rong Zhu
Published/Copyright: April 21, 2025

Abstract

Using nationally representative data from Australia, the paper examines the relationship between time of day and cognitive performance among working-age individuals. We show that performance on cognitive tests involving fluid intelligence peaks in the afternoon, with poorer performance in the morning and evening. This time-of-day effect is most pronounced in the early afternoon and stronger for women than for men. However, there is no such evidence on an empirical link between time of day and crystallized intelligence. Overall, we show that the U-shaped profile of cognitive performance over the course of the day found in Gaggero, A., and D. Tommasi. (2023. “Time of Day and High-Stake Cognitive Assessments.” Economic Journal 133: 1407–29) for university students can be generalized to people of working age.

JEL Classification: J22; J24

Corresponding author: Anita Staneva, Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, E-mail:

We are grateful to the Editor (Hendrik Schmitz), two anonymous referees, and seminar participants at Griffith University and the Australian Conference of Economists (2023) for helpful comments. This paper uses unit record data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The HILDA Project was initiated and is funded by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS) and is managed by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (Melbourne Institute). The findings and views reported in this paper, however, are those of the authors and should not be attributed to either DSS or the Melbourne Institute. This work represents an equal contribution from all authors. Qing Zhang acknowledges financial support from Hunan Natural Science Foundation (Project Number: 2024JJ6193), Hunan Social Science Achievement Review Committee (Project Number: XSP22YBZ083), and the Young Scholars Innovation-Driven Program of Hunan University of Technology and Business (Project Number: 2020QD03).


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Received: 2024-11-30
Accepted: 2025-04-07
Published Online: 2025-04-21

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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