Orthographic, Semantic, and Contextual Influences on Initial Processing and Learning of Novel Words During Reading: Evidence From Eye Movements
-
Wei Yi
Wei YI is an assistant professor at the School of Chinese as a Second Language, Peking University. He is interested in exploring cognitive mechanisms underlying second language acquisition, combining theories and techniques of psychological and neurological sciences.
Shiyi LU is a tenured associate professor at the School of Chinese as a Second Language, Peking University. His research interests include second language acquisition/cognition and second language testing.
Robert DEKEYSER is an emeritus professor of Second Language Acquisition at the University of Maryland, College Park, in the United States. He served as editor of
Language Learning from 2005 to 2010, and as associate editor ofBilingualism: Language and Cognition from 2013 to 2017. His research interests concern primarily cognitive aspects of second language acquisition, from implicit and explicit learning mechanisms, automatization processes, and age differences in learning, to more applied concerns such as aptitude-treatment interaction, error correction, and the effects of study abroad.
Abstract
This study investigates how orthographic, semantic and contextual variables—including word length, concreteness, and contextual support—impact on the processing and learning of new words in a second language (L2) when first encountered during reading. Students learning English as a foreign language (EFL) were recruited to read sentences for comprehension, embedded with unfamiliar L2 words that occurred once. Immediately after this, they received a form recognition test, a meaning recall test, and a meaning recognition test. Eye-movement data showed significant effects of word length on both early and late processing of novel words, along with effects of concreteness only on late-processing eye-tracking measures. Informative contexts were read slower than neutral contexts, yet contextual support did not show any direct influence on the processing of novel words. Interestingly, initial learning of abstract words was better than concrete words in terms of form and meaning recognition. Attentional processing of novel L2 words, operationalized by total reading time, positively predicted L2 learners’ recognition of new orthographic forms. Taken together, these results suggest: 1) orthographic, semantic and contextual factors play distinct roles for initial processing and learning of novel words; 2) online processing of novel words contributes to L2 learners’ initial knowledge of unfamiliar lexical items acquired from reading.
About the authors
Wei YI is an assistant professor at the School of Chinese as a Second Language, Peking University. He is interested in exploring cognitive mechanisms underlying second language acquisition, combining theories and techniques of psychological and neurological sciences.
Shiyi LU is a tenured associate professor at the School of Chinese as a Second Language, Peking University. His research interests include second language acquisition/cognition and second language testing.
Robert DEKEYSER is an emeritus professor of Second Language Acquisition at the University of Maryland, College Park, in the United States. He served as editor of Language Learning from 2005 to 2010, and as associate editor of Bilingualism: Language and Cognition from 2013 to 2017. His research interests concern primarily cognitive aspects of second language acquisition, from implicit and explicit learning mechanisms, automatization processes, and age differences in learning, to more applied concerns such as aptitude-treatment interaction, error correction, and the effects of study abroad.
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Appendix 1 Form Recognition Test
Choose the words that appeared in the reading session.
| Block 1 | Block 2 | Block 3 | Block 4 | Block 5 | Block 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| solemnity | supplication | cowardice | turpentine | magnesium | allegory |
| enigma | inebriety | albatross | heresy | alacrity | jeopardy |
| regency | sagacity | enamel | malady | melancholy | blasphemy |
| bungalow | epitaph | infringement | emporium | mahogany | moccasin |
| incursion | heroism | canary | chinchilla | carnage | delirium |
| reprisal | sanctity | rendezvous | dexterity | kerosene | admiral |
| littoral | comestible | inoculation | incongruity | soprano | deity |
| aurora | compatriot | etiquette | clarinet | substratum | iodine |
| fraternity | pliers | malaria | convocation | emerald | sobriety |
| astrolabe | emulsion | impediment | caucus | exactitude | consolation |
| bequest | firmament | ostentation | panoply | aberration | blunderbuss |
| monocle | cinnamon | walrus | limousine | somersault | amity |
| mackerel | enchanter | carnation | gondola | mutiny | alias |
| alkali | menace | precipitate | equanimity | medallion | casket |
| apricot | mutilation | amethyst | intermission | satchel | panorama |
| formaldehyde | gaiety | oblivion | diadem | asparagus | forfeit |
Note. The blocks and the words within each block were randomized. The correct answers (target words) are bolded.
Appendix 2 Meaning Recognition Test
Choose the best answer that relates to the meaning of each word.
| Number | Word | A | B | C | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | turpentine | liquid | tool | furniture | food |
| 02 | chinchilla | pet | toy | plant | tool |
| 03 | mahogany | wood | drink | paint | machine |
| 04 | albatross | bird | fish | tribe | snake |
| 05 | limousine | car | balloon | animal | athlete |
| 06 | moccasin | shoe | tool | watch | jacket |
| 07 | mackerel | fish | bowl | vegetable | clothes |
| 08 | amethyst | jewelry | plant | food | bag |
| 09 | soprano | doctor | singer | writer | student |
| 10 | apricot | cookie | fruit | perfume | soap |
| 11 | canary | plant | bird | chair | sculpture |
| 12 | diadem | palace | crown | sword | ring |
| 13 | pliers | document | tool | jewelry | weapon |
| 14 | casket | machine | coffin | animal | basket |
| 15 | walrus | person | animal | tree | building |
| 16 | satchel | card | bag | bottle | plate |
| 17 | oblivion | anxiety | pain | forgetfulness | wealth |
| 18 | blasphemy | claim | excuse | insult | strategy |
| 19 | allegory | cartoon | photo | story | comment |
| 20 | reprisal | rocket | command | attack | law |
| 21 | delirium | skill | interest | disease | attitude |
| 22 | panorama | gift | food | scenery | performance |
| 23 | equanimity | passion | elegance | calmness | patience |
| 24 | etiquette | story | recipe | custom | policy |
| 25 | enigma | concept | disaster | behavior | mystery |
| 26 | malady | crisis | scandal | discovery | disease |
| 27 | mutiny | disease | criticism | scandal | rebellion |
| 28 | menace | leader | hero | victim | threat |
| 29 | bequest | gift | document | equipment | inheritance |
| 30 | carnage | courage | love | mercy | violence |
| 31 | forfeit | reward | interview | surprise | penalty |
| 32 | caucus | show | game | report | meeting |
Note. Test items were randomized. The correct answers (target words) are bolded.
© 2022 BFSU, FLTRP, Walter de Gruyter, Cultural and Education Section British Embassy
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- The Processing of Chinese as a Second Language Guest Editor: Huili WANG
- The Influence of Chinese Proficiency and Cultural Background on CFL Learners’ Comprehension of Chinese Logogriphs
- Motor Compatibility Effect on the Comprehension of Complex Manual Action Sentences in L2: An ERP Study
- Orthographic, Semantic, and Contextual Influences on Initial Processing and Learning of Novel Words During Reading: Evidence From Eye Movements
- New Research Trends in TESOL Guest Editors: Rining (Tony) WEI & Xuesong (Andy) GAO
- New Research Trends in TESOL: An introduction
- Discourses of Chinese ELT Stakeholders on Native Speakerism
- The Influence of Combining Computer-Assisted Language Learning With Instruction on Chinese College Students’ L2 Pragmatic Ability
- Chinese University Students’ Attitudes Toward Chinese-English Classroom Code-Switching
- Second Language Acquisition
- How Selection of a Target Feature Impacts Corrective Feedback: Finding Answers Through Meta-Analysis of Chinese EFL Learners
- Cross-Cultural Communications
- Transformative Learning: Intercultural Adaptation of Chinese Teachers at the Confucius Institute in Spain
- Abstracts
- Chinese Abstracts
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- The Processing of Chinese as a Second Language Guest Editor: Huili WANG
- The Influence of Chinese Proficiency and Cultural Background on CFL Learners’ Comprehension of Chinese Logogriphs
- Motor Compatibility Effect on the Comprehension of Complex Manual Action Sentences in L2: An ERP Study
- Orthographic, Semantic, and Contextual Influences on Initial Processing and Learning of Novel Words During Reading: Evidence From Eye Movements
- New Research Trends in TESOL Guest Editors: Rining (Tony) WEI & Xuesong (Andy) GAO
- New Research Trends in TESOL: An introduction
- Discourses of Chinese ELT Stakeholders on Native Speakerism
- The Influence of Combining Computer-Assisted Language Learning With Instruction on Chinese College Students’ L2 Pragmatic Ability
- Chinese University Students’ Attitudes Toward Chinese-English Classroom Code-Switching
- Second Language Acquisition
- How Selection of a Target Feature Impacts Corrective Feedback: Finding Answers Through Meta-Analysis of Chinese EFL Learners
- Cross-Cultural Communications
- Transformative Learning: Intercultural Adaptation of Chinese Teachers at the Confucius Institute in Spain
- Abstracts
- Chinese Abstracts
