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Chapter 13 PFAS treatment and remediation

  • Poonam R. Kulkarni , Charles J. Newell and Jens Blotevogel
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Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances
This chapter is in the book Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances

Abstract

This chapter provides a review of current remediation technologies for treating environmental media impacted by per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are known for their extensive use in various legacy and current applications. These chemicals have the potential to cause impacts in groundwater, surface water, soils, and sediments, and have complex behavior, chemical stability, and distribution in the environment. In this chapter, technologies evaluated include in situ and ex situ treatment of liquids (e.g., drinking water and extracted groundwater) and solids (e.g., soils and spent sorbent media) via various mechanisms, such as sorption/retention, physicochemical separation, and destruction. A total of 25 liquid and 11 solid treatment technologies are reviewed for elements such as performance effectiveness, byproduct generation, cost and energy requirements, and a Technology readiness level (TRL) is determined for each technology. While remediation technologies have evolved quickly, ongoing progress and challenges continue to develop that may impact effective management of PFAS-impacted sites.

Abstract

This chapter provides a review of current remediation technologies for treating environmental media impacted by per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are known for their extensive use in various legacy and current applications. These chemicals have the potential to cause impacts in groundwater, surface water, soils, and sediments, and have complex behavior, chemical stability, and distribution in the environment. In this chapter, technologies evaluated include in situ and ex situ treatment of liquids (e.g., drinking water and extracted groundwater) and solids (e.g., soils and spent sorbent media) via various mechanisms, such as sorption/retention, physicochemical separation, and destruction. A total of 25 liquid and 11 solid treatment technologies are reviewed for elements such as performance effectiveness, byproduct generation, cost and energy requirements, and a Technology readiness level (TRL) is determined for each technology. While remediation technologies have evolved quickly, ongoing progress and challenges continue to develop that may impact effective management of PFAS-impacted sites.

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Foreword VII
  3. Preface IX
  4. Contents XI
  5. List of contributors XIII
  6. Chapter 1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: issues and challenges 1
  7. Chapter 2 PFAS: an overview of their physicochemical properties and implications 13
  8. Chapter 3 Sources of PFAS in the environment 61
  9. Chapter 4 Occurrence, nature, and extent of PFAS contamination in the environment 83
  10. Chapter 5 Analytical techniques for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) 143
  11. Chapter 6 Nontarget screening approaches for PFAS and their applications on contaminated sites 169
  12. Chapter 7 Dynamic transport, sorption, and desorption of PFAS in water-saturated and unsaturated soils 201
  13. Chapter 8 From contamination to clarity: evaluating the role of groundwater modeling in managing and remediating PFAS plumes 319
  14. Chapter 9 Assessment of environmental risk 337
  15. Chapter 10 Biomonitoring and health effects of PFAS exposure 399
  16. Chapter 11 Bioaccumulation of legacy and novel PFAS in the environment 495
  17. Chapter 12 Toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plants and microbes 519
  18. Chapter 13 PFAS treatment and remediation 567
  19. Chapter 14 A zero PFAS future: transitioning away from forever chemicals 599
  20. Chapter 15 Regulatory perspectives on PFAS 615
  21. Index 631
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110796797-013

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Foreword VII
  3. Preface IX
  4. Contents XI
  5. List of contributors XIII
  6. Chapter 1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: issues and challenges 1
  7. Chapter 2 PFAS: an overview of their physicochemical properties and implications 13
  8. Chapter 3 Sources of PFAS in the environment 61
  9. Chapter 4 Occurrence, nature, and extent of PFAS contamination in the environment 83
  10. Chapter 5 Analytical techniques for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) 143
  11. Chapter 6 Nontarget screening approaches for PFAS and their applications on contaminated sites 169
  12. Chapter 7 Dynamic transport, sorption, and desorption of PFAS in water-saturated and unsaturated soils 201
  13. Chapter 8 From contamination to clarity: evaluating the role of groundwater modeling in managing and remediating PFAS plumes 319
  14. Chapter 9 Assessment of environmental risk 337
  15. Chapter 10 Biomonitoring and health effects of PFAS exposure 399
  16. Chapter 11 Bioaccumulation of legacy and novel PFAS in the environment 495
  17. Chapter 12 Toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plants and microbes 519
  18. Chapter 13 PFAS treatment and remediation 567
  19. Chapter 14 A zero PFAS future: transitioning away from forever chemicals 599
  20. Chapter 15 Regulatory perspectives on PFAS 615
  21. Index 631
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