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Chapter 4 Occurrence, nature, and extent of PFAS contamination in the environment

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Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances
Ein Kapitel aus dem Buch Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, originating from primary or secondary sources, or arising indirectly through the biotic or abiotic degradation of PFAS precursors. Industrial emissions from the fluorochemical manufacturing sector, alongside the application of aqueous filmforming foams (AFFFs) in fire safety training are identified as major contributors to PFAS contamination across various environmental matrices. Additionally, the management of liquid-to-solid waste represents another prominent point source of PFAS in diverse environmental contexts. Despite concerted efforts, conventional wastewater treatment technologies have shown insufficient capabilities in controlling PFAS exposure in both surface water and reclaimed wastewater applications. Furthermore, the use of contaminated irrigation water and biosolids significantly contaminates the agricultural environment. While primary and secondary sources play pivotal roles in localized environmental contamination, atmospheric transport remains the prevalent pathway for PFAS dissemination across regional environmental matrices, extending its reach even to remote areas. Long-range atmospheric transport of neutral-PFAS, particularly fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), and their subsequent transformation into perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) constitute primary sources of PFAS in Polar Regions. Additionally, oceanic currents also make limited contributions to PFAS dispersal to these distant environments. Within natural environmental matrices, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have garnered significant attention as the most criticized and widely regulated PFAS globally, leading to extensive investigations. However, recent research has broadened the scope of PFAS congeners under investigation, with some studies targeting up to 57 PFAS in environments. Nevertheless, the comprehensive compositional profile of PFAS contamination often remained constrained by available analytical and research standards. In more progressive approaches, some recent studies have expanded PFAS profiling to encompass hundreds-to-thousands of PFAS through the utilization of nontarget and suspect screening methodologies. Though numerous studies have addressed the distribution of PFAS across various environmental matrices, a considerable portion has focused on primary and secondary sources in China and the USA. Therefore, in order to devise effective management strategies for contaminated sites, it is imperative to recognize the importance of continuing research efforts to prioritize investigating the occurrence of PFAS in the natural environments of developing countries to safeguard human health and uphold global ecological integrity.

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, originating from primary or secondary sources, or arising indirectly through the biotic or abiotic degradation of PFAS precursors. Industrial emissions from the fluorochemical manufacturing sector, alongside the application of aqueous filmforming foams (AFFFs) in fire safety training are identified as major contributors to PFAS contamination across various environmental matrices. Additionally, the management of liquid-to-solid waste represents another prominent point source of PFAS in diverse environmental contexts. Despite concerted efforts, conventional wastewater treatment technologies have shown insufficient capabilities in controlling PFAS exposure in both surface water and reclaimed wastewater applications. Furthermore, the use of contaminated irrigation water and biosolids significantly contaminates the agricultural environment. While primary and secondary sources play pivotal roles in localized environmental contamination, atmospheric transport remains the prevalent pathway for PFAS dissemination across regional environmental matrices, extending its reach even to remote areas. Long-range atmospheric transport of neutral-PFAS, particularly fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), and their subsequent transformation into perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) constitute primary sources of PFAS in Polar Regions. Additionally, oceanic currents also make limited contributions to PFAS dispersal to these distant environments. Within natural environmental matrices, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have garnered significant attention as the most criticized and widely regulated PFAS globally, leading to extensive investigations. However, recent research has broadened the scope of PFAS congeners under investigation, with some studies targeting up to 57 PFAS in environments. Nevertheless, the comprehensive compositional profile of PFAS contamination often remained constrained by available analytical and research standards. In more progressive approaches, some recent studies have expanded PFAS profiling to encompass hundreds-to-thousands of PFAS through the utilization of nontarget and suspect screening methodologies. Though numerous studies have addressed the distribution of PFAS across various environmental matrices, a considerable portion has focused on primary and secondary sources in China and the USA. Therefore, in order to devise effective management strategies for contaminated sites, it is imperative to recognize the importance of continuing research efforts to prioritize investigating the occurrence of PFAS in the natural environments of developing countries to safeguard human health and uphold global ecological integrity.

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Foreword VII
  3. Preface IX
  4. Contents XI
  5. List of contributors XIII
  6. Chapter 1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: issues and challenges 1
  7. Chapter 2 PFAS: an overview of their physicochemical properties and implications 13
  8. Chapter 3 Sources of PFAS in the environment 61
  9. Chapter 4 Occurrence, nature, and extent of PFAS contamination in the environment 83
  10. Chapter 5 Analytical techniques for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) 143
  11. Chapter 6 Nontarget screening approaches for PFAS and their applications on contaminated sites 169
  12. Chapter 7 Dynamic transport, sorption, and desorption of PFAS in water-saturated and unsaturated soils 201
  13. Chapter 8 From contamination to clarity: evaluating the role of groundwater modeling in managing and remediating PFAS plumes 319
  14. Chapter 9 Assessment of environmental risk 337
  15. Chapter 10 Biomonitoring and health effects of PFAS exposure 399
  16. Chapter 11 Bioaccumulation of legacy and novel PFAS in the environment 495
  17. Chapter 12 Toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plants and microbes 519
  18. Chapter 13 PFAS treatment and remediation 567
  19. Chapter 14 A zero PFAS future: transitioning away from forever chemicals 599
  20. Chapter 15 Regulatory perspectives on PFAS 615
  21. Index 631
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110796797-004

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Foreword VII
  3. Preface IX
  4. Contents XI
  5. List of contributors XIII
  6. Chapter 1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: issues and challenges 1
  7. Chapter 2 PFAS: an overview of their physicochemical properties and implications 13
  8. Chapter 3 Sources of PFAS in the environment 61
  9. Chapter 4 Occurrence, nature, and extent of PFAS contamination in the environment 83
  10. Chapter 5 Analytical techniques for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) 143
  11. Chapter 6 Nontarget screening approaches for PFAS and their applications on contaminated sites 169
  12. Chapter 7 Dynamic transport, sorption, and desorption of PFAS in water-saturated and unsaturated soils 201
  13. Chapter 8 From contamination to clarity: evaluating the role of groundwater modeling in managing and remediating PFAS plumes 319
  14. Chapter 9 Assessment of environmental risk 337
  15. Chapter 10 Biomonitoring and health effects of PFAS exposure 399
  16. Chapter 11 Bioaccumulation of legacy and novel PFAS in the environment 495
  17. Chapter 12 Toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plants and microbes 519
  18. Chapter 13 PFAS treatment and remediation 567
  19. Chapter 14 A zero PFAS future: transitioning away from forever chemicals 599
  20. Chapter 15 Regulatory perspectives on PFAS 615
  21. Index 631
Heruntergeladen am 4.5.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110796797-004/html?lang=de
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