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Chapter 5 Analytical techniques for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

  • Christian Vogel and Danny Slee
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Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances
This chapter is in the book Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of various anthropogenic organic products, in which the hydrogen atoms on the carbon skeleton of at least one carbon atom have been completely replaced by fluorine atoms. Because this group contains more than 7 million compounds, they can have very different properties. PFAS analysis in environmental samples is currently mainly utilized by liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and related techniques as well as gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to conduct target analysis. However, to get a better overview of the amount of “total” amount of PFAS, sum parameter methods like total oxidizable precursor assay (TOPA), absorbable organic fluorine (AOF), and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) are in development. Additionally, for research purposes, several spectroscopical methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, particular induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy as well as19 F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared, and Raman spectroscopy are available. Therefore, an overview is given on currently available analytical techniques for PFAS in environmental samples and their application possibilities discussed for different kinds of PFAS subgroups.

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of various anthropogenic organic products, in which the hydrogen atoms on the carbon skeleton of at least one carbon atom have been completely replaced by fluorine atoms. Because this group contains more than 7 million compounds, they can have very different properties. PFAS analysis in environmental samples is currently mainly utilized by liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and related techniques as well as gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to conduct target analysis. However, to get a better overview of the amount of “total” amount of PFAS, sum parameter methods like total oxidizable precursor assay (TOPA), absorbable organic fluorine (AOF), and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) are in development. Additionally, for research purposes, several spectroscopical methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, particular induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy as well as19 F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared, and Raman spectroscopy are available. Therefore, an overview is given on currently available analytical techniques for PFAS in environmental samples and their application possibilities discussed for different kinds of PFAS subgroups.

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Foreword VII
  3. Preface IX
  4. Contents XI
  5. List of contributors XIII
  6. Chapter 1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: issues and challenges 1
  7. Chapter 2 PFAS: an overview of their physicochemical properties and implications 13
  8. Chapter 3 Sources of PFAS in the environment 61
  9. Chapter 4 Occurrence, nature, and extent of PFAS contamination in the environment 83
  10. Chapter 5 Analytical techniques for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) 143
  11. Chapter 6 Nontarget screening approaches for PFAS and their applications on contaminated sites 169
  12. Chapter 7 Dynamic transport, sorption, and desorption of PFAS in water-saturated and unsaturated soils 201
  13. Chapter 8 From contamination to clarity: evaluating the role of groundwater modeling in managing and remediating PFAS plumes 319
  14. Chapter 9 Assessment of environmental risk 337
  15. Chapter 10 Biomonitoring and health effects of PFAS exposure 399
  16. Chapter 11 Bioaccumulation of legacy and novel PFAS in the environment 495
  17. Chapter 12 Toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plants and microbes 519
  18. Chapter 13 PFAS treatment and remediation 567
  19. Chapter 14 A zero PFAS future: transitioning away from forever chemicals 599
  20. Chapter 15 Regulatory perspectives on PFAS 615
  21. Index 631
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110796797-005

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Foreword VII
  3. Preface IX
  4. Contents XI
  5. List of contributors XIII
  6. Chapter 1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: issues and challenges 1
  7. Chapter 2 PFAS: an overview of their physicochemical properties and implications 13
  8. Chapter 3 Sources of PFAS in the environment 61
  9. Chapter 4 Occurrence, nature, and extent of PFAS contamination in the environment 83
  10. Chapter 5 Analytical techniques for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) 143
  11. Chapter 6 Nontarget screening approaches for PFAS and their applications on contaminated sites 169
  12. Chapter 7 Dynamic transport, sorption, and desorption of PFAS in water-saturated and unsaturated soils 201
  13. Chapter 8 From contamination to clarity: evaluating the role of groundwater modeling in managing and remediating PFAS plumes 319
  14. Chapter 9 Assessment of environmental risk 337
  15. Chapter 10 Biomonitoring and health effects of PFAS exposure 399
  16. Chapter 11 Bioaccumulation of legacy and novel PFAS in the environment 495
  17. Chapter 12 Toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plants and microbes 519
  18. Chapter 13 PFAS treatment and remediation 567
  19. Chapter 14 A zero PFAS future: transitioning away from forever chemicals 599
  20. Chapter 15 Regulatory perspectives on PFAS 615
  21. Index 631
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