16 Non-verbal predication in Tupian, especially Tupí-Guaraní languages
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Wolf Dietrich
Abstract
Tupí is one of the largest South American language families. Nine of its ten branches have one or only a small number of languages, the Tupí-Guaraní branch, however, has about forty living and some extinct documented languages.
Non-verbal predication is found in all living languages and documented former language stages. It is made by juxtaposition or, less frequently, copula constructions. The latter ones are common mainly in the Tupí branches, not in the Tupí-Guaraní branch. In Tupí-Guaraní, the basic predicative inflection constructions of Subtype IIIb are used for inclusive non-verbal predication, for possessive, quantificational, identity, adverbial (especially locational) and similarity predication. Most common is existential-like inclusive predication. Copula constructions are used for inclusive, identity, and locational predication. Besides their appearance in Tupí branches, copula constructions for identity predication also function in some Tupí-Guaraní languages. In the whole language family, there are no negation strategies different from positive non-verbal predicates. TAM markers mostly are the same in verbal and non-verbal predication, but frequently are combined with discourse particles in non-verbal predication.
Nominal predication includes what are nouns and adjectives in English. There is no specific class of adjectives. The main morphological difference between nouns and verbs is the different person marking. The most common construction is predicative inflection marked by person marking, according to person agreement in the predicate. In Tupí-Guaraní languages, topicalized pronouns are frequently found in the first position, before the argument pronoun. In other Tupí branches, the argument pronoun used to be in final position.
Abstract
Tupí is one of the largest South American language families. Nine of its ten branches have one or only a small number of languages, the Tupí-Guaraní branch, however, has about forty living and some extinct documented languages.
Non-verbal predication is found in all living languages and documented former language stages. It is made by juxtaposition or, less frequently, copula constructions. The latter ones are common mainly in the Tupí branches, not in the Tupí-Guaraní branch. In Tupí-Guaraní, the basic predicative inflection constructions of Subtype IIIb are used for inclusive non-verbal predication, for possessive, quantificational, identity, adverbial (especially locational) and similarity predication. Most common is existential-like inclusive predication. Copula constructions are used for inclusive, identity, and locational predication. Besides their appearance in Tupí branches, copula constructions for identity predication also function in some Tupí-Guaraní languages. In the whole language family, there are no negation strategies different from positive non-verbal predicates. TAM markers mostly are the same in verbal and non-verbal predication, but frequently are combined with discourse particles in non-verbal predication.
Nominal predication includes what are nouns and adjectives in English. There is no specific class of adjectives. The main morphological difference between nouns and verbs is the different person marking. The most common construction is predicative inflection marked by person marking, according to person agreement in the predicate. In Tupí-Guaraní languages, topicalized pronouns are frequently found in the first position, before the argument pronoun. In other Tupí branches, the argument pronoun used to be in final position.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- List of the Authors V
- Acknowledgments
- Contents IX
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Part I: Setting the stage
- 1 Non-verbal predication: An analytical framework 1
- 2 A diachronic view on non-verbal predication 57
- 3 Crucial issues in non-verbal predication: A questionnaire 87
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Part II: Case studies
- 4 Non-verbal predication in Caijia and Waxiang: A Southeast Asian perspective 91
- 5 Non-verbal predication in Siyuewu Khroskyabs 129
- 6 Non-verbal predication in Uralic 155
- 7 Non-verbal predication in Turkic languages 195
- 8 Non-verbal predication in the so-called Paleosiberian languages 239
- 9 Non-verbal predication in Tungusic languages 275
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North America
- 10 Non-verbal predication in the Yupik-Inuktitut-Unangan (Eskimo-Aleut) family 313
- 11 Non-verbal predication in Western Apache (Athabaskan/Dene), with comparisons to Hän Athabaskan 353
- 12 Non-verbal predication in Algonquian languages 385
- 13 Non-verbal predication in Lushootseed (Salishan) 429
- 14 Non-verbal predication in Uto-Aztecan languages from northwestern Mexico 463
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South America
- 15 Verbless clauses and copula clauses in Arawak languages 505
- 16 Non-verbal predication in Tupian, especially Tupí-Guaraní languages 541
- 17 Non-verbal predication in Zaparoan languages 581
- 18 Non-verbal predication in Chicham 625
- 19 Non-verbal predication in the Pano languages of Western Amazonia 653
- 20 Non-verbal predication in Guaycuruan and Mataguayan 697
- 21 Non-verbal predication in Old Zamuco 743
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- List of the Authors V
- Acknowledgments
- Contents IX
-
Part I: Setting the stage
- 1 Non-verbal predication: An analytical framework 1
- 2 A diachronic view on non-verbal predication 57
- 3 Crucial issues in non-verbal predication: A questionnaire 87
-
Part II: Case studies
- 4 Non-verbal predication in Caijia and Waxiang: A Southeast Asian perspective 91
- 5 Non-verbal predication in Siyuewu Khroskyabs 129
- 6 Non-verbal predication in Uralic 155
- 7 Non-verbal predication in Turkic languages 195
- 8 Non-verbal predication in the so-called Paleosiberian languages 239
- 9 Non-verbal predication in Tungusic languages 275
-
North America
- 10 Non-verbal predication in the Yupik-Inuktitut-Unangan (Eskimo-Aleut) family 313
- 11 Non-verbal predication in Western Apache (Athabaskan/Dene), with comparisons to Hän Athabaskan 353
- 12 Non-verbal predication in Algonquian languages 385
- 13 Non-verbal predication in Lushootseed (Salishan) 429
- 14 Non-verbal predication in Uto-Aztecan languages from northwestern Mexico 463
-
South America
- 15 Verbless clauses and copula clauses in Arawak languages 505
- 16 Non-verbal predication in Tupian, especially Tupí-Guaraní languages 541
- 17 Non-verbal predication in Zaparoan languages 581
- 18 Non-verbal predication in Chicham 625
- 19 Non-verbal predication in the Pano languages of Western Amazonia 653
- 20 Non-verbal predication in Guaycuruan and Mataguayan 697
- 21 Non-verbal predication in Old Zamuco 743
