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Die Geheimnisse des Atlantiks und seine Erforschung im Spiegel mittelalterlicher arabischer Quellen

  • Andreas Obenaus
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Geheimnis und Verborgenes im Mittelalter
This chapter is in the book Geheimnis und Verborgenes im Mittelalter

Abstract

Following the establishment of Islamic realms along the shores of the Atlantic Ocean during the early eighth century, Muslim scholars started to show an increasing interest in this ocean. Especially in descriptive geographical writings, it was presented as the western part of a circumferential sea surrounding the whole world. Based on existing medieval sources, the present article summarises the changing concept of the Atlantic Ocean in medieval Muslim academic circles and presents an insight into the scattered mentions of early Muslim attempts of its exploration. Muslim scholars, like their ancient predecessors and their Christian coevals, construed this ocean as the limit of the known world and a place of mystery. Therefore, in the extant sources, factual reports on seaports, anchorages and well-established sea lanes along the Iberian and Maghrebian Atlantic shores mingle with warnings about the perils of this ocean as well as peculiar tales about magical objects, fabulous creatures and mythical islands. From the works of al-Masʿūdī a tenth-century Muslim scholar of Middle Eastern origin, derive first vague hints about the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean by Muslim seamen. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries geographers from the West of the Islamic world, like al-Idrīsī and Ibn Sa̔īd al- Maġribī, even mention the discovery of unknown (is)lands. Hence, the veil of mystery seemed to disappear. But actually, fact and fiction are greatly mixed in these narratives, thus, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between myths and real achievements concerning the exploration of the Atlantic.

Abstract

Following the establishment of Islamic realms along the shores of the Atlantic Ocean during the early eighth century, Muslim scholars started to show an increasing interest in this ocean. Especially in descriptive geographical writings, it was presented as the western part of a circumferential sea surrounding the whole world. Based on existing medieval sources, the present article summarises the changing concept of the Atlantic Ocean in medieval Muslim academic circles and presents an insight into the scattered mentions of early Muslim attempts of its exploration. Muslim scholars, like their ancient predecessors and their Christian coevals, construed this ocean as the limit of the known world and a place of mystery. Therefore, in the extant sources, factual reports on seaports, anchorages and well-established sea lanes along the Iberian and Maghrebian Atlantic shores mingle with warnings about the perils of this ocean as well as peculiar tales about magical objects, fabulous creatures and mythical islands. From the works of al-Masʿūdī a tenth-century Muslim scholar of Middle Eastern origin, derive first vague hints about the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean by Muslim seamen. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries geographers from the West of the Islamic world, like al-Idrīsī and Ibn Sa̔īd al- Maġribī, even mention the discovery of unknown (is)lands. Hence, the veil of mystery seemed to disappear. But actually, fact and fiction are greatly mixed in these narratives, thus, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between myths and real achievements concerning the exploration of the Atlantic.

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Inhalt V
  3. Zur Einleitung: Das Geheimnis als gesellschafts- und kulturkonstituierendes Konzept 1
  4. Mystik und Kirche: Vom göttlichen Geheimnis, okkulten Wissen und mystifizierten Orten
  5. Die kirchliche Buße 19
  6. Die Offenbarung des Geheimen? Mittelalterliche Gottesurteile als Erkenntnisquelle 27
  7. Geheimnis und Offenbarung des Glaubens 45
  8. Die ‚diskrete‘ Mitteilung des Offenbarten 65
  9. Mystisches Geheimnis zwischen Sprachschöpfung und bildhafter Aussage 89
  10. Geheimnisse und ihre Wahrung in der arabischen Alchemie 107
  11. Das Irdische Paradies zwischen Entzogenheit und Immanenz in ‚Il viaggio dei tre monaci al paradiso terrestre‘ 129
  12. Die Geheimnisse des Atlantiks und seine Erforschung im Spiegel mittelalterlicher arabischer Quellen 147
  13. Hirschreiter und albanische Hunde als Schlüssel zum göttlichen Schöpfungsplan? 167
  14. Bedeutung und Funktion sakraler Räume und Gegenstände
  15. Heilige Gefäße unter gutem Verschluss 191
  16. Für Jahrhunderte verborgen 209
  17. Die heimliche inventio der Reliquien Godehards und Bernwards von Hildesheim im 12. Jahrhundert 237
  18. Kodikologische Beiträge: Von Buchschlössern und paratextuellen Zwischenräumen
  19. Gesicherte Geheimnisse? 255
  20. Verhüllen und Zeigen 283
  21. ‚Marginalisierte‘ Exegese 303
  22. Geheimnis und Verborgenheit als narratives Mittel in der Literatur
  23. Verborgenes im Altenglischen 321
  24. In der Haut des Anderen 339
  25. Out in the Wild 353
  26. Der verborgene Blick ins Herz 373
  27. Manipulation and Secrecy 393
  28. Mit dem Blick des Voyeurs 409
  29. Perspektivierung des Geheimnisses einer merfaÿm 441
  30. (In‐)Schrift und Bild 463
  31. Das celar-Motiv 493
  32. Das Geheimnis um den Schwanritter 509
  33. Über die drei Ringe 523
  34. Das Idealbild einer guten Mutter 545
  35. Wissen ist Macht: Geheimhaltung als strukturelles Merkmal von Bildungs- und Herrschereliten
  36. ‚Die Wahrheit erzeugt Verdruss und scheut deshalb das Licht‘ 565
  37. Verrätselungen 587
  38. Vom Geheimmittel zum Allgemeingut? 603
  39. Die Geheimnisse der Königin 623
  40. Luckard’s Secret oder: Geheimnis und Skandal in der Kölner Führungsschicht 639
  41. Geheime Verschwörungen gegen König Johann 655
  42. Staatsgeheimnisse und sensibles Wissen am Hof des Großfürsten 667
  43. Ortsregister 697
  44. Personenregister 699
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