109. Large terminological databases

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter I
2. Preface V
3. Table of Contents IX
4. I. Dictionaries in modern society: Current status and perspectives
5. 1. Lexicography through the ages: From the early beginnings to the electronic age 1
6. 2. The impact of computational lexicography 24
7. II. New developments in lexicographic theory I: Textual structures
8. 3. Textual structures in printed dictionaries: An overview 31
9. 4. Macrostructures in printed dictionaries 73
10. 5. Access structures in printed dictionaries 110
11. 6. Microstructures in printed dictionaries 149
12. 7. Mediostructures in printed dictionaries 214
13. 8. Textual architectures in printed dictionaries 253
14. 9. Addressing and addressing structures in printed dictionaries 273
15. 10. Types of dictionary articles in printed dictionaries 314
16. III. New developments in lexicographic theory II: Dictionary types and functions
17. 11. Textual structures in electronic dictionaries compared with printed dictionaries: A short general survey 367
18. 12. Mixed dictionary genres 381
19. 13. Dictionary of language contact 393
20. 14. New developments in learners’ dictionaries I: English and French 400
21. 15. New developments in learner’s dictionaries II: German 414
22. 16. New developments in learner’s dictionaries III: Bilingual learner’s dictionaries 425
23. 17. New developments in lexicography for special purposes I: An overview of linguistic dictionaries 431
24. 18. New developments in lexicography for special purposes II: An overview of dictionaries of lexicography 442
25. 19. Lexicographic functions 460
26. IV. New developments in lexicographic theory III: Selected dictionary subjects
27. 20. The treatment of culture-bound items in dictionaries 469
28. 21. The treatment of sensitive items in dictionaries 482
29. 22. The treatment of meaning in dictionaries and prototype theory 487
30. 23. The concept of semiotaxis 496
31. 24. New tendencies in the treatment of collocations 500
32. 25. New developments in the selection of examples 509
33. V. New developments in lexicographic theory IV: Research in dictionary production and use
34. 26. The lexicographical process (with special focus on online dictionaries) 517
35. 27. Theory of dictionary management 524
36. 28. Empirical research into dictionary use since 1990 531
37. 29. Methods in research of dictionary use 540
38. 30. The concept of simultaneous feedback 548
39. 31. User research in the field of electronic dictionaries: Methods, first results, proposals 556
40. VI. New Developments in lexicographic and metalexicographic organisation
41. 32. Lexicographic training: An overview 569
42. 33. Establishing lexicography units 574
43. 34. Lexicographic associations 580
44. 35. Evaluation of dictionaries 587
45. 36. Aids in metalexicographic research 596
46. VII. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 I: The ancient languages of the Near East and the classical languages
47. 37. The ancient languages of the Near East 612
48. 38. The ancient languages of Greek and Latin 619
49. VIII. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 II: The Romance languages
50. 39. Iberoromance I: Historical and etymological lexicography 636
51. 40. Iberoromance II: Synchronic lexicography 645
52. 41. Gallo-Romance I: Historical and etymological lexicography 653
53. 42. Gallo-Romance II: Synchronic lexicography 663
54. 43. Italian 672
55. 44. Romanian 687
56. IX. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 III: The Germanic languages
57. 45. Scandinavian languages 702
58. 46. English and American I: Historical and etymological lexicography 713
59. 47. English and American II 720
60. 48. German I: Historical and etymological lexicography 731
61. 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography 742
62. 50. New developments in Dutch lexicography from 1990 onwards 816
63. 51. Aspects of Afrikaans lexicography 827
64. X. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 IV: The Slavic languages
65. 52. East Slavic languages 836
66. 53. South Slavic languages 853
67. 54. West Slavic languages 861
68. XI. Lexicography of selected Asian languages
69. 55. Arabic lexicography 872
70. 56. Chinese lexicography 884
71. 57. Japanese lexicography 893
72. 58. Korean lexicography 900
73. XII. Lexicography of selected African languages
74. 59. Lexicography of the Nguni languages 911
75. 60. Lexicography of the Sotho languages 929
76. 61. Lexicography of Shona 947
77. 62. Lexicography of the languages of Central Africa 953
78. 63. Lexicography of Fang 962
79. 64. Lexicography of the languages of Western Africa 964
80. XIII. The history of computational lexicography
81. 65. The early history of computational lexicography: The 1950s and 1960s 969
82. 66. Computational lexicography and corpus linguistics until ca 1970/1980 982
83. XIV. Typology of electronic dictionaries I: Electronic dictionaries for human use
84. 67. Design criteria and ‘added value’ of electronic dictionaries for human users 1001
85. 68. Monolingual and bilingual electronic dictionaries on the Internet 1013
86. 69. Dictionary portals 1023
87. 70. Electronic pedagogical dictionaries 1035
88. 71. Context-sensitive look-up in electronic dictionaries 1046
89. 72. Large-scale documentary dictionaries on the Internet 1053
90. 73. Electronic encyclopedias 1069
91. 74. Combined products: Dictionary and corpus 1081
92. XV. Typology of electronic dictionaries II: Electronic dictionaries for machine use
93. 75. Electronic dictionaries for speech recognition, for its applications and for speech synthesis 1091
94. 76. Electronic dictionaries for text processing and correction systems 1096
95. 77. Electronic language resources for information retrieval, information extraction and text mining 1102
96. 78. Electronic dictionaries for computer-assisted language learning 1115
97. 79. Electronic dictionaries for question answering and natural language database access 1136
98. 80. Electronic dictionaries for Natural Language Generation (NLG) 1150
99. 81. Electronic dictionaries for machine translation and machine-aided translation 1161
100. 82. Generic dictionaries for multiple uses in NLP 1186
101. XVI. Models for the representation of dictionaries: The form aspect
102. 83. Representing human and machine dictionaries in markup languages (SGML, XML) 1195
103. 84. Representing computational dictionaries in relational databases 1209
104. 85. Representing computational dictionaries in feature structure-based representation formalisms and typed feature logic 1227
105. 86. Representing computational dictionaries in AI-oriented knowledge representation formalisms 1234
106. 87. Representing (computational) dictionaries in hypertextual form 1244
107. 88. Representing computational dictionaries in dedicated formalisms: DATR and Word Manager 1254
108. 89. Standardization of the formal representation of lexical information for NLP 1266
109. XVII. Models for the representation of linguistic data in electronic dictionaries: The content aspect
110. 90. Coding word formation morphology in computational dictionaries 1275
111. 91. Coding syntactic properties of words in computational dictionaries 1284
112. 92. Coding semantic properties of words in computational dictionaries 1295
113. 93. WordNet: Principles, developments and applications 1307
114. 94. The FrameNet approach to relating syntax and semantics 1320
115. 95. Metadata description for lexicons 1329
116. XVIII. Computer-based dictionary making I: Acquisition of lexical data from corpora % corpus design
117. 96. Criteria for the design of corpora for monolingual lexicography 1336
118. 97. The utilization of bilingual corpora for the creation of bilingual dictionaries 1344
119. 98. Large corpora designed for lexicographic work 1356
120. 99. The World Wide Web as a resource for lexicography 1365
121. XIX. Computer-based Dictionary making II: Acquisition of lexical data from corpora and machine readable dictionaries ¿ tools and procedures
122. 100. Corpus pre-processing for lexicography 1375
123. 101. Tools to support the design of a macrostructure 1384
124. 102. Corpus Query Tools for lexicography 1395
125. 103. Tools and procedures for the acquisition of morphological and syntactic information from corpora 1405
126. 104. Tools for the acquisition of lexical combinatorics 1415
127. 105. Tools for lexicographic use of parallel and comparable corpora 1433
128. 106. Reversal of bilingual dictionaries 1445
129. 107. Workbenches for corpus-based lexicography 1455
130. XX. Computational terminography
131. 108. Models for the representation of terminological data on the computer: Terminological databases 1461
132. 109. Large terminological databases 1480
133. 110. Acquisition of terminological data from text: Approaches 1486
134. Index of Subjects 1498
135. Index of Names 1566