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Shall we hors d’œuvres? The Assimilation of Gallicisms into English

  • Antoinette Renouf
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Abstract

The dialects of the region now known as France have been contributing words and idioms to the English language for the last millennium. These Gallicisms serve a number of purposes, from filling lacunae, to associating the writer with French sophistication and style, to creating particular stylistic effects in writing and speech. This study takes a subset of established Gallicisms, which are formally and stylistically capable of evoking Frenchness, and examines their linguistic treatment in English. Sometimes they are used just as they are in French. Some uses are simply inaccurate by French standards: in relation to gender and number agreement, and to spelling. Other uses are unconventional by French standards but represent the standard English practices of modifying foreign loans to fit English norms; these include the possible conflation of formal and orthographic variants of a Gallic phrase, the tendency to employ a word across a range of grammatical and syntactic classes, and the use of word play. The study concludes with the impressionistic observation that English seems to assimilate French as much as modern French is 'invaded' by English.

Abstract

The dialects of the region now known as France have been contributing words and idioms to the English language for the last millennium. These Gallicisms serve a number of purposes, from filling lacunae, to associating the writer with French sophistication and style, to creating particular stylistic effects in writing and speech. This study takes a subset of established Gallicisms, which are formally and stylistically capable of evoking Frenchness, and examines their linguistic treatment in English. Sometimes they are used just as they are in French. Some uses are simply inaccurate by French standards: in relation to gender and number agreement, and to spelling. Other uses are unconventional by French standards but represent the standard English practices of modifying foreign loans to fit English norms; these include the possible conflation of formal and orthographic variants of a Gallic phrase, the tendency to employ a word across a range of grammatical and syntactic classes, and the use of word play. The study concludes with the impressionistic observation that English seems to assimilate French as much as modern French is 'invaded' by English.

Chapters in this book

  1. Prelim pages i
  2. Table of contents v
  3. Foreword xi
  4. Entretien avec Maurice Gross 1
  5. Le Lexique-Grammaire du grec moderne 11
  6. Lexique-Grammaire et extensions lexicales 23
  7. Instrument Nouns and Fusion 31
  8. La constitution d’une concordance de verbes de l’ancien français 41
  9. Les adjectifs dérivés de noms de parties du corps dans les textes médicaux 51
  10. À propos des phrases transitives en arabe 63
  11. Étude distributionnelle des constructions en ba en chinois 79
  12. Principes d’analyse automatique des proverbes 91
  13. Sur la valeur de l’ « incise » et sa postposition 105
  14. Dictionnaires électroniques DELAF anglais et français 113
  15. Lexicon-Grammar, Electronic Dictionaries and Local Grammars of Italian 125
  16. Coréférence événementielle entre deux phrases 137
  17. Strings, Lists and Intonation in Garden Path Sentences 155
  18. Les relatifs de surface 175
  19. Les attributs du complément d’objet 185
  20. Une étude de corpus pour éclairer la question du verbe de l’incise en Français 195
  21. Les prépositions forment-elles une classe? 211
  22. Une construction tronquée du verbe faire 223
  23. Classes sémantiques et description des langues 231
  24. Multi-Lexemic Expressions 239
  25. Here and There 253
  26. Sur l’ordre des adjectifs 275
  27. Anaphores associatives 287
  28. Tree pruning 303
  29. Lexiques-grammaires comparés 313
  30. Italian People at Work 325
  31. La structure de la phrase en français de Belgique 343
  32. Restructuration and the subject of adjectives 373
  33. Synonymie de mots et synonymie de phrases 389
  34. Les aventures de Max et Eve, j’ai aimé 405
  35. Nominalizations of English Neutral Verbs 413
  36. Remarks on the Complementation of Aspectual Verbs 423
  37. À propos de [pc-z.] 439
  38. Some Linguistic Problems in Building a Korean Electronic Lexicon of Simple Verbs 455
  39. Du locatif directionnel au datif dans les constructions du verbe arriver 471
  40. La conjonction même si n’existe pas! 485
  41. A Remark on English Double Negatives 497
  42. Déverbatif et diathèse en malgache 509
  43. Les travaux en Lexique-Grammaire du malgache et leurs extensions 517
  44. Shall we hors d’œuvres? The Assimilation of Gallicisms into English 527
  45. The Syntax of Emphasis — A Base Camp 547
  46. Verbs of Mental States 561
  47. Diphtongues vocaliques et diphtongues consonantiques 573
  48. Time in Language — Language in Time 581
  49. Reconnaissance des déterminants français 589
  50. Essai d’interprétation fonctionnelle des tables du Lexique-Grammaire 601
  51. Some Elements for an Empirical Approach to the Study of Meaning 613
  52. Morphologie dérivationnelle et mots simples 629
  53. Une grille d’analyse pour les prédicats nominaux 641
  54. Publications de Maurice Gross 649
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