Thermal Properties and Morphology Characteristics of a PP Mono-Filament and its Foam
-
N. Chuapon
, O. Naithanom , Y. Sato , S. Areerat and H. Ito
Abstract
The polypropylene (PP) mono-filament is an alternative material that can be used for insulation, packaging, and polymer composite applications. In this study, PP mono-filaments were prepared by extrusion free-fall at temperatures of 190, 200, and 210°C through a micro extrusion die with a diameter of 900 μm. The free-fall speeds of the filament were controlled by a gear pump driving at speeds ranging from 12.5 to 20.0 min−1, and the extrudates were cooled at room temperature. The PP mono-filaments were subsequently foamed by a batch foaming process with sc-CO2 as the blowing agent at foaming temperatures of 165, 170, 175 and 180°C. The thermal properties and crystallinity of the prepared filaments and their foams were investigated using a DSC. The foam morphology and isotropic foam properties were characterized by SEM micrographs. The results show that the various morphologies of the PP mono-filament foams deviated from the isotropic foam behavior and had isotropic foam index values in the range of 1.1 to 2.3. In addition, the PP mono-filament that was foamed at 175°C expanded in the longitudinal direction and exhibited the highest expansion ratio, but its degree of crystallinity decreased compared to the mono-filaments. PP mono-filament foam represented a narrow crystallization temperature range and crystallization time than mono-filament and tended to a faster crystalline growth.
References
Afshari, M., “Crystalline and Amorphous Orientation of Polypropylene-Nylon 6 Blend Filaments”, Iran. Polym. J., 14, 1042–1049 (2005)Search in Google Scholar
Avalos, F., Lopez-Manchado, M. A. and Arroyo, M., “Crystallization Kinetics of Polypropylene: 1. Effect of Small Additions of Low-Density Polyethylene”, Polymer, 37, 5681–5688 (1996)10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00429-6Search in Google Scholar
Bogoeva-Gaceva, G., Grozdanov, A., “Crystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene: The Effect of Fiber Surface”, J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 71, 483–499 (2006)10.2298/JSC0605483BSearch in Google Scholar
Buahom, P., Areerat, S., “The Estimation of Cell Density in Isotropic Microcellular Polymeric Foams Using the Critical Bubble Lattice”, J. Cell. Plast., 47, 133–152 (2011)10.1177/0021955X10393182Search in Google Scholar
Cho, K.-W., Li, F.-K. and Choi, J.-S., “Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Polypropylene and Maleated Polypropylene Blends”, Polymer, 40, 1719–1729 (1999)10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00404-2Search in Google Scholar
Cho, K.-W., Li, F.-K. and Choi, J.-S., “Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Polypropylene and Maleated Polypropylene Blends”, Polymer, 40, 1719–1729 (1999)10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00404-2Search in Google Scholar
Coccorullo, I., Pantani, R. and Titomanlio, G., “Crystallization Kinetics and Solidified Structure in iPP under High Cooling Rates”, Polymer, 44, 307–318 (2003)10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00762-0Search in Google Scholar
Doroudiani, S., Kortschot, M. T., “Polystyrene Foams I. Processing-Structure Relationships”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90, 1412–1420 (2003)10.1002/app.12804Search in Google Scholar
Doroudiani, S., Park, C. B. and Kortschot, M. T., “Effect of the Crystallinity and Morphology on the Microcellular Foam Structure of Semicrystalline Polymers”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 2645–2662 (1996)10.1002/pen.10664Search in Google Scholar
Doufas, A. K., McHugh, A. J. and Miller, C., “Simulation of Melt Spinning Including Flow-Induced Crystallization Part I. Model Development and Predictions”, J. Non-Newton Fluid., 92, 27–66 (2000a)10.1016/S0377-0257(00)00088-4Search in Google Scholar
Doufas, A. K., McHugh, A. J., Miller, C. and Immaneni, A., “Simulation of Melt Spinning Including Flow-Induced Crystallization Part II. Quantitative Comparisons with Industrial Spinline Data”, J. Non-Newton Fluid., 92, 81–103 (2000b)10.1016/S0377-0257(00)00089-6Search in Google Scholar
Gatos, K. G., Minogianni, C. and Galiotis, C., “Quantifying Crystalline Fraction within Polymer Spherulites”, Macromolecules, 40, 786–789 (2007)10.1021/ma0623284Search in Google Scholar
Jang, G.-S., Cho, W.-J. and Ha, C.-S., “Crystallization Behavior of Polypropylene with or without Sodium Benzoate as a Nucleating Agent”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 39, 1001–1016 (2001)10.1002/polb.1077Search in Google Scholar
Jang, G.-S., Jo, N.-J., Cho, W.-J. and Ha, C.-S., “Isothermal Crystallization Behavior and Properties of Polypropylene/EPR Blends Nucleated with Sodium Benzoate”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 83, 201–211 (2002)10.1002/app.10068Search in Google Scholar
Jeon, Y.-P., Cox, C. L., “Modeling of Multifilament PET Fiber Melt-Spinning”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 110, 2153–2163 (2008)10.1002/app.28827Search in Google Scholar
Jeon, Y.-P., Cox, C. L., “Simulation of Multifilament Semicrystalline Polymer Fiber Melt-Spinning”, J. Eng. Fiber. Fabr., 4, 34–43 (2009)Search in Google Scholar
Jiang, X. L., Luo, S. J., Sun, K., and Chen, X. D., “Effect of Nucleating Agents on Crystallization Kinetics of PET”, Express. Polym. Lett., 1, 245–251 (2007)10.3144/expresspolymlett.2007.37Search in Google Scholar
Jiang, X.-L., Liu, T., Xu, Z.-M., Zhao, L., Hu, G.-H. and Yuan, W.-K., “Effects of Crystal Structure on the Foaming of Isotactic Polypropylene Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide As A Foaming Agent”, J. Supercrit. Fluid., 48, 167–175 (2009)10.1016/j.supflu.2008.10.006Search in Google Scholar
Karger-Kocsis, J.: Polypropylene Structure, Blends and Composites, Vol. 2 Copolymers and Blends, 1st Edition, Chapman and Hall, London (1995)10.1007/978-94-011-0521-7Search in Google Scholar
Kemmere, M. F., Meyer, T.: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Polymer Reaction Engineering, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2005)10.1002/3527606726Search in Google Scholar
Kong, Y., Hay, J. N., “The Measurement of the Crystallinity of Polymers by DSC”, Polymer, 43, 3873–3878 (2002)10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00235-5Search in Google Scholar
Liao, X., Nawaby, A. V., and Whitfield, P. S., “Carbon Dioxide-Induced Crystallization in Poly(L-lactic acid) and its Effect on Foam Morphologies”, Polym. Int., 59, 1709–1718 (2010)10.1002/pi.2910Search in Google Scholar
Liu, T., Li, D.-C., Zhao, L. and Yuan, W.-K., “Manipulation of Polymer Foam Structure Based On CO2-Induced Changesin Polymer Fundamental Properties”, Particuology, 8, 607–612 (2010)10.1016/j.partic.2010.09.008Search in Google Scholar
Naguib, H. E., Park, C. B. and Song, S.-W., “Effect of Supercritical Gas on Crystallization of Linear and Branched Polypropylene Resins with Foaming Additives”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 6685–6691 (2005)10.1021/ie0489608Search in Google Scholar
Nemoto, T., Takagi, J., and Ohshima, M., “Control of Bubble Size and Location in Nano-/Microscale Cellular Poly(propylene)/Rubber Blend Foams”, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 293, 574–580 (2008)10.1002/mame.200800015Search in Google Scholar
Niu, P.-F., Wang, X.-J., Liu, B.-Y., Long, S.-G. and Yang, J., “Melting and Nonisothermal Crystallization Behavior of Polypropylene-Hemp Fiber Composites”, J. Compos. Mater., 46, 203–210 (2011) Search in Google Scholar
Oh, T. H., “Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution in Melt Spinning of PET Monofilament”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 102, 1045–1051 (2006)10.1002/app.24197Search in Google Scholar
Seo, Y.-S., Kang, T.-J., Hong, S. M., and Choi, H. J., “Nonisothermal Crystallization Behaviors of a Polyolefin Terpolymer and its Foam”, Polymer, 48, 3844–3849 (2007)10.1016/j.polymer.2007.04.024Search in Google Scholar
Shafi, M. A., Joshi, K. and Flumerfelt, R. W., “Bubble Size Distributions in Freely Expanded Polymer Foams”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 52, 635–644 (1997)10.1016/S0009-2509(96)00433-2Search in Google Scholar
Shafi, M. A., Lee, J. G. and Flumerfelt, R. W., “Prediction of Cellular Structure in Free Expansion Polymer Foam Processing”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 1950–1959 (1996)10.1002/pen.10591Search in Google Scholar
Sharudin, R. W. B., Ohshima, M., “CO2-Induced Mechanical Reinforcement of Polyolefin-Based Nanocellular Foams”, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 296, 1046–1054 (2011)10.1002/mame.201100085Search in Google Scholar
Supaphol, P., Charoenphol, P. and Junkasem, J. “Effect of Nucleating Agents On Crystallization and Melting Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Nucleated Syndiotactic Poly(propylene)”, Marcromol. Mater. Eng., 289, 818–827 (2004)10.1002/mame.200400102Search in Google Scholar
Takada, M., Tanigaki, M. and Ohshima, M., “Effects of CO2 on Crystallization Kinetics of Polypropylene”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 41, 1938–1946 (2001)10.1002/pen.10890Search in Google Scholar
Taki, K., “Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Effects of Pressure Release Rate on Number Density of Bubbles and Bubble Growth in a Polymeric Foaming Process”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 63, 3643–3653 (2008)10.1016/j.ces.2008.04.037Search in Google Scholar
Tomasko, D. L., Li, H.-B., Liu, D.-H., Han, X.-M., Wingert, M. J., Lee, L. J. and Koelling, K. W., “A Review of CO2 Applications in the Processing of Polymers”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 6431–6456 (2003)10.1021/ie030199zSearch in Google Scholar
Tsivintzelis, I., Angelopoulou, A. G. and Panayiotou, C., “Foaming of Polymers with Supercritical CO2: An Experimental and Theoretical Study”, Polymer, 48, 5928–5939 (2007)10.1016/j.polymer.2007.08.004Search in Google Scholar
Varma-Nair, M., Handa, P. Y., Mehta, A. K. and Agarwal, P. “Effect of Compressed CO2 on Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene”, Thermochim. Acta., 396, 57–65 (2003)10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00516-6Search in Google Scholar
Xin, C.-L., He, Y.-D., Li, Q.-C., Huang, Y.-Z., Yan, B.-R. and Wang, X.-D., “Crystallization Behavior and Foaming Properties of Polypropylene Containing Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene under Supercritical Carbondioxide”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 119, 1275–1286 (2011)10.1002/app.30717Search in Google Scholar
Xu, Z.-M., Jiang, X.-L., Liu, T., Hu, G.-H., Zhao, L., Zhu, Z.-N. and Yuan, W.-K., “Foaming of Polypropylene with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide”, J. Supercrit. Fluid., 41, 299–310 (2007)10.1016/j.supflu.2006.09.007Search in Google Scholar
Zhai, W.-T., Ko, Y.-R., Zhu, W.-L., Wong, A. and Park, C. B., “A Study of the Crystallization, Melting, and Foaming Behaviors of Polylactic Acid in Compressed CO2”, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10. 5381–5397 (2009)10.3390/ijms10125381Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhai, W.-T., Wang, H.-Y., Yu, J., Dong, J.-Y. and He, J.-S., “Foaming Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylenein Supercritical CO2 Influenced by Phase Morphology via Chain Grafting”, Polymer, 49, 3146–3156 (2008)10.1016/j.polymer.2008.05.018Search in Google Scholar
© 2014, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents
- Contents
- Regular Contributed Articles
- Converging-Diverging Flow in a Novel Extruder and its Application in Film Blowing
- Modeling of Plasticating Injection Molding – Experimental Assessment
- Viscosity Analysis of a Polymer-Based Drug Delivery System Using Open-Source CFD Methods and High-Pressure Capillary Rheometry
- Thermal Properties and Morphology Characteristics of a PP Mono-Filament and its Foam
- Thermal and Tensile Behavior of HD-PE Films Containing Iron (III) Acetylacetonate after UV Irradiation
- Carbon Black Reinforced Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on High Impact Polystyrene/Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymer/Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Blends
- A Study of the Bubbles in UV Micro Roll-to-Roll Imprinting
- An Annular Rotating-Die Technique in Extrusion Process: Effect of Mandrel Rotating Speed on Extrudate Swell Behavior of HDPE Parison
- Investigation of the Structural Robustness of Deep Depth Injection Mold with Cavity Pressure and Mold Design
- Verifying the Melting Behavior in Single-Screw Plasticization Units Using a Novel Simulation Model and Experimental Method
- Processing of Polyetherimide/Cloisite 30B Nanocomposite by Vibration Casting Method
- Comparison between 1D and 3D Approaches for Twin-Screw Extrusion Simulation
- Study on the Polymer Melt Flow in a Closely Intermeshing Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder
- The Influence of Moisture and Laminate Setup on the De-Consolidation Behavior of PA6/GF Thermoplastic Matrix Composites
- PPS News
- PPS News
- Seikei Kakou Abstracts
- Seikei Kakou Abstracts
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents
- Contents
- Regular Contributed Articles
- Converging-Diverging Flow in a Novel Extruder and its Application in Film Blowing
- Modeling of Plasticating Injection Molding – Experimental Assessment
- Viscosity Analysis of a Polymer-Based Drug Delivery System Using Open-Source CFD Methods and High-Pressure Capillary Rheometry
- Thermal Properties and Morphology Characteristics of a PP Mono-Filament and its Foam
- Thermal and Tensile Behavior of HD-PE Films Containing Iron (III) Acetylacetonate after UV Irradiation
- Carbon Black Reinforced Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on High Impact Polystyrene/Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymer/Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Blends
- A Study of the Bubbles in UV Micro Roll-to-Roll Imprinting
- An Annular Rotating-Die Technique in Extrusion Process: Effect of Mandrel Rotating Speed on Extrudate Swell Behavior of HDPE Parison
- Investigation of the Structural Robustness of Deep Depth Injection Mold with Cavity Pressure and Mold Design
- Verifying the Melting Behavior in Single-Screw Plasticization Units Using a Novel Simulation Model and Experimental Method
- Processing of Polyetherimide/Cloisite 30B Nanocomposite by Vibration Casting Method
- Comparison between 1D and 3D Approaches for Twin-Screw Extrusion Simulation
- Study on the Polymer Melt Flow in a Closely Intermeshing Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder
- The Influence of Moisture and Laminate Setup on the De-Consolidation Behavior of PA6/GF Thermoplastic Matrix Composites
- PPS News
- PPS News
- Seikei Kakou Abstracts
- Seikei Kakou Abstracts