Home Dehydrogenation and dehydroxylation as drivers of the thermal decomposition of Fe-chlorites
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Dehydrogenation and dehydroxylation as drivers of the thermal decomposition of Fe-chlorites

  • Małgorzata Lempart EMAIL logo , Arkadiusz Derkowski , Katarzyna Luberda-Durnaś , Michał Skiba and Artur Błachowski
Published/Copyright: October 30, 2018
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information
American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 103 Issue 11

Abstract

In addition to dehydroxylation, thermal decomposition of Fe(II)-bearing chlorites also involves dehydrogenation. Dehydrogenation does not require the presence of oxygen and readily occurs in an inert gas atmosphere via electron transfer between the OH group and octahedral Fe(II). The reaction results in releasing one hydrogen atom that forms an H2 gas upon diffusing out of the crystallite, and leaves one structural Fe(II) oxidized, to keep the charge balance. Dehydrogenation removes structural hydrogen reducing the amount of OH groups available for dehydroxylation thus H2O released during heating.

In the present study, the dehydrogenation was tracked thermogravimetrically (TG) for pure chlorites. Clinochlore, Fe-clinochlore, and Mg-chamosite were investigated under various isothermal and ramp-heating conditions under pure nitrogen flow. Thermally altered Mg-chamosite was analyzed ex-situ using Mössbauer spectroscopy, X‑ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy.

Dehydrogenation and dehydroxylation were found to occur simultaneously, but by independent mechanisms during the heating of all Fe(II)-containing chlorites. The extent of these reactions was tracked using a combination of total mass loss and degree of Fe(II) oxidation. The dehydrogenation/dehydroxylation ratio varied with heating conditions. The slower the ramp-heating rate, thus the longer time at elevated temperatures before dehydroxylation starts, the greater the dehydrogenation that precedes dehydroxylation. Each studied chlorite had its unique range of isothermal temperatures where dehydrogenation can be enhanced with only minor dehydroxylation. For Mg-chamosite, a narrow range of isothermal temperatures, 390–410 °C, caused—after 48 h of heating—the oxidation of almost 70% of Fe(II), with respect to a maximum ~20% of oxidized Fe(II) after dehydroxylation-dominated ramp heating. Any lower or higher isothermal temperatures than the optimum resulted in a lower amount of Fe(III) and greater total mass losses. Enhanced dehydrogenation led to the formation of a discrete population of a ferric (oxy) chamosite phase, observed in XRD patterns with a d-space of 13.91 Å, coexisting with 14.17 Å of the original chamosite. The dehydroxylation and dehydrogenation of chamosite at 450 °C resulted in the broadening of 00l XRD reflections interpreted as a mixed-layer phase that consisted of original, dehydroxylated, and dehydrogenated layers. Each particular heating protocol enhancing either dehydroxylation or dehydrogenation resulted in different compositions of the product formed after chlorite structure breakdown at 1000 °C.

Even with ramp heating, dehydrogenation can occur, especially with Fe(II)-rich chlorites, decreasing the total mass loss. The procedure for the determination of “structural water” content and “loss of ignition” and “total mass loss” commonly measured in rocks and minerals by thermogravimetric methods can be questioned for Fe(II)-bearing chlorites and hence in the case of all Fe(II)-containing phyllosilicates. In geological conditions, if dehydrogenation occurs prior to chlorite dehydroxylation, the quantity of “structural water” transported within chlorites to the metamorphic environment in subduction zones can be reduced even by 50%. If occurring in natural conditions, Fe(II)-oxidizing dehydrogenation reaction questions the applicability of chlorite in geothermometry. Increased Fe(III)/total Fe ratio results in the miscalculation of chlorite formation temperature as much as by hundreds of degrees Celsius. The presence of Fe(III) as a result of dehydrogenation should be considered for all Fe(II)-bearing phyllosilicates.

Keywords: Chlorite; dehydrogenation; dehydroxylation; oxidation; thermogravimetry; Mössbauer spectroscopy

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Gary J. Long for an immensely useful discussion on Mössbauer spectroscopy results and Marek Szczerba for his valuable comments. Vincent Trincal’s review greatly helped to improve the Implications.

References cited

Bai, T.B., Guggenheim, S., and Wang, S.J. (1993) Metastable phase relations in the chlorite-H2O system. American Mineralogist, 78, 1208–1216.Search in Google Scholar

Baron, F., Petit, S., Pentrák, M., Decarreau, A., and Stucki, J.W. (2017) Revisiting the nontronite Mössbauer spectra. American Mineralogist, 102, 1501–1515.10.2138/am-2017-1501xSearch in Google Scholar

Bayliss, P. (1975) Nomenclature of the trioctahedral chlorites. Canadian Mineralogist, 13, 178–180.Search in Google Scholar

Berndt, M.E., Allen, D.E., and Seyfried, W.E. (1996) Reduction of CO2 during serpentinization of olivine at 300 °C and 500 bar. Geology, 24, 351–354.10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0351:ROCDSO>2.3.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Bishop, J.L., Lane, M.D., and Dyar, M.D. (2008) Reflectance and emission spectroscopy study of four groups of phyllosilicates: smectites, kaolinite-serpentines, chlorites and micas. Clay Minerals, 43, 35–54.10.1180/claymin.2008.043.1.03Search in Google Scholar

Borggaard, O.K., Lindgreen, H.B., and Morup, S. (1982) Oxidation and reduction of structural iron in chlorite at 480°C. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 353–363.10.1346/CCMN.1982.0300506Search in Google Scholar

Bourdelle, F., Parra, T., Chopin, C., and Beyssac, O. (2013) A new chlorite geothermometer for diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 165, 723–735.10.1007/s00410-012-0832-7Search in Google Scholar

Brett, N.H., MacKenzie, K.J.D., and Sharp, J.H. (1970) The thermal decomposition of hydrous layer silicates and their related hydroxides. Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society, 24, 185–207.10.1039/qr9702400185Search in Google Scholar

Brindley, G.W., and Chang, T.S. (1974) Development of long basal spacings in chlorites by thermal treatment. American Mineralogist, 59, 152–158.Search in Google Scholar

Brindley, G.W., and Youell, R.F. (1952) Ferrous chamosite and ferric chamosite. Mineralogical Magazine, 37, 57–70.10.1180/minmag.1953.030.220.07Search in Google Scholar

Burns, R.G., and Solberg, T.C. (1990) Fe-bearing oxide, silicate, and aluminosilicate minerals crystal structure trends in Mössbauer. In L.M. Coyne, D.F. Blake, S.W.S. McKeever, Eds., Spectroscopic Characterization of Minerals and Their Surfaces, chapter IV, p. 262–283. American Chemical Society.10.1021/bk-1990-0415.ch014Search in Google Scholar

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J. (1992) An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals, 340–343 p. Longman, Harlow.Search in Google Scholar

Derkowski, A., Drits, V.A., and McCarty, D.K. (2012) Nature of rehydroxylation in dioctahedral 2:1 layer clay minerals. American Mineralogist, 97, 610–629.10.2138/am.2012.3871Search in Google Scholar

Drits, V.A., Besson, G., and Muller, F. (1995) An improved model for structural transformations of heat-treated aluminous dioctahedral 2:1 layer silicates. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 718–731.10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430608Search in Google Scholar

Drits, V.A., Derkowski, A., and McCarty, D.K. (2012a) Kinetics of partial dehydroxylation in dioctahedral 2:1 layer clay minerals. American Mineralogist, 97, 930–950.10.2138/am.2012.3971Search in Google Scholar

Drits, V.A., McCarty, D.K., and Derkowski, A. (2012b) Mixed-layered structure formation during trans-vacant Al-rich illite partial dehydroxylation. American Mineralogist, 97, 1922–1938.10.2138/am.2012.4178Search in Google Scholar

Dyar, M.D., Agresti, D.G., Schaefer, M.W., Grant, C.A., and Sklute, E.C. (2006) Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Earth and Planetary Materials. The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 34, 83–125.10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125049Search in Google Scholar

Farmer, V.C., Russell, J.D., McHardy, W.J., Newman, A.S.D., Ahlrichs, J.L., and Rimsaite, J.Y.H. (1971) Evidence for loss of protons and octahedral iron from oxidized biotites and vermiculites. Mineralogical Magazine, 38, 121–137.10.1180/minmag.1971.038.294.01Search in Google Scholar

Foster, M.D. (1962) Interpretation of the composition and a classification of the chlorites. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 414-A, 1–33.10.3133/pp414ASearch in Google Scholar

Goodman, B.A., and Bain, D.C. (1979) Mössbauer spectra of chlorites and their decomposition products. Developments in Sedimentology, 27, 65–74.10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70702-7Search in Google Scholar

Górnicki, R., Artur, B., and Ruebenbauer, K. (2007) Mössbauer spectrometer MsAa-3. Nucleonika, 52, 1–8.Search in Google Scholar

Grazulis, S., Chateigner, D., Downs, R.T., Yokochi, A.F.T., Quirós, M., Lutterotti, L., Manakova, E., Butkus, J., Moeck, P., and Le Bail, A. (2009) Crystallography Open Database—an open-access collection of crystal structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 42, 726–729.10.1107/S0021889809016690Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Gregori, D.A., and Mercader, R.C. (1994) Mössbauer study of some Argentinian chlorites. Hyperfine Interactions, 83, 495–498.10.1007/BF02074324Search in Google Scholar

Grove, T.L., Till, C.B., and Krawczynski, M.J. (2012) The role of H2O in subduction zone magmatism. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 40, 413–439.10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105310Search in Google Scholar

Guggenheim, S., and Zhan, W. (1999) Crystal structures of two partially dehydrated chlorites: The “modified” chlorite structure. American Mineralogist, 84, 1415–1421.10.2138/am-1999-0920Search in Google Scholar

Guggenheim, S., Vhang, Y.-H., and Koster Van Groos, A.F. (1987) Muscovite dehydroxylation: High-temperature studies. American Mineralogist, 72, 537–550.Search in Google Scholar

Hayashi, H., and Oinuma, K. (1967) Si-O absorption band near 1000 cm–1 and OH absorption bands of chlorite. American Mineralogist, 52, 1206–1210.Search in Google Scholar

Heller-Kallai, L., and Rozenson, I. (1980) Dehydroxylation of dioctahedral phyllosilicates. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28, 355–368.10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280505Search in Google Scholar

Heller-Kallai, L., and Rozenson, I. (1981) The use of Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron in clay mineralogy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 7, 223–238.10.1007/BF00311893Search in Google Scholar

Heller-Kallai, L., Miloslavski, I., and Grayevsky, A. (1989) Evolution of hydrogen on dehydroxylation of clay minerals. American Mineralogist, 74, 1976–1978.Search in Google Scholar

Hodgson, A.A., Freeman, A.G., and Taylor, H.F.W. (1964) The thermal decomposition of crocidolite from Koegas, South Africa. Journal of the Chemical Society, 35, 5–30.10.1180/minmag.1965.035.269.04Search in Google Scholar

Hodgson, A.A., Freeman, A.G., and Taylor, H.F.W. (1965) The thermal decomposition of amosite. Mineralogocal Magazine, 35, 446–463.10.1180/minmag.1965.035.271.01Search in Google Scholar

Hogg, C.S., and Meads, R.E. (1975) A Mössbauer study of thermal decomposition of biotites. Mineralogical Magazine, 40, 79–88.10.1180/minmag.1975.040.309.11Search in Google Scholar

Inoue, A., Meunier, A., Patrier-Mas, P., Rigault, C., Beaufort, D., and Viellard, P. (2009) Application of chemical geothermometry to low-temperature trioctahedral chlorites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 57, 371–382.10.1346/CCMN.2009.0570309Search in Google Scholar

Kodama, H., Longworth, G., and Townsend, M.G. (1982) A Mössbauer investigation of some chlorites and their oxidation products. Canadian Mineralogist, 20, 585–592.Search in Google Scholar

Lanari, P., Wagner, T., and Vidal, O. (2014) A thermodynamic model for di-trioctahedral chlorite from experimental and natural data in the system MgO-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O: Applications to P-T sections and geothermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 167, 1–19.10.1007/s00410-014-0968-8Search in Google Scholar

Lougear, A., Grodzicki, M., Bertoldi, C., Trautwein, A.X., Steiner, K., and Amthauer, G. (2000) Mössbauer and molecular orbital study of chlorites. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 27, 258–269.10.1007/s002690050255Search in Google Scholar

Mackenzie, R.C. (1970) Simple phyllosilicates based on gibbsite- and brucite-like sheet, p. 512–517. Differential Thermal Analysis, vol. 1, chapter 18. Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar

MacKenzie, K.J.D., and Berezowski, R.M. (1981) Thermal and Mössbauer studies of iron-containing hydrous silicates. I. Cronstedtite. Thermochimica Acta, 44, 171–187.10.1016/0040-6031(81)80039-1Search in Google Scholar

MacKenzie, K.J.D., and Berezowski, R.M. (1984) Thermal and Mössbauer studies of iron-containing hydrous silicates. V. Berthierine. Thermochimica Acta, 74, 291–312.10.1016/0040-6031(84)80030-1Search in Google Scholar

MacKenzie, K.J.D., and Bowden, M.E. (1983) Thermal and Mössbauer studies of iron-containing hydrous silicates. VI. Amesite. Thermochimica Acta, 64, 83–106.10.1016/0040-6031(83)80132-4Search in Google Scholar

MacKenzie, K.J.D., Berezowski, R.M., and Bowden, M.E. (1986) Thermal and Mössbauer studies of iron-containing hydrous silicates. VI. Minnesotaite. Thermochimica Acta, 99, 273–289.10.1016/0040-6031(86)85290-XSearch in Google Scholar

Manthilake, G., Bolfan-Casanova, N., Novella, D., Mookherjee, M., and Andrault, D. (2016) Dehydration of chlorite explains anomalously high electrical conductivity in the mantle wedges. Science Advances, 2, 1–5.10.1126/sciadv.1501631Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Moore, D.M., and Reynolds, R.C. (1997) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, 233–235 p. Oxford University Press, U.K.Search in Google Scholar

Murad, E. (2010) Mössbauer spectroscopy of clays, soils and their mineral constituents. Clay Minerals, 45, 413–430.10.1180/claymin.2010.045.4.413Search in Google Scholar

Nelson, D.O., and Guggenheim, S. (1993) Inferred limitations to the oxidation of Fe in chlorite: A high-temperature single-crystal X‑ray study. American Mineralogist, 78, 1197–1207.Search in Google Scholar

Post, J.L., and Plummer, C.C. (1972) The chlorite series of Flagstaff Hill area, California: A preliminary investigation. Clays and Clay Minerals, 20, 271–283.10.1346/CCMN.1972.0200504Search in Google Scholar

Prieto, A.C., Lobon, J.M., Alia, J.M., Rull, F., and Martin, F. (1991) Thermal and spectroscopic analysis of natural trioctahedral chlorites. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37, 969–981.10.1007/BF01932795Search in Google Scholar

Rancourt, D.G., Mercier, P.H.J., Cherniak, D.J., Desgreniers, S., Kodama, H., Robert, J.L., and Murad, E. (2001) Mechanisms and crystal chemistry of oxidation in annite: resolving the hydrogen-loss and vacancy reactions. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 455–491.10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490601Search in Google Scholar

Rouxhet, P., Gillard, J., and Fripiat, J. (1972) Thermal decomposition of amosite, crocidolite, and biotite. Mineralogical Magazine, 38, 583–592.10.1180/minmag.1972.038.297.07Search in Google Scholar

Sanz, J., González-Carreño, T., and Gancedo, R. (1983) On dehydroxylation mechanisms of a biotite in vacuo and in oxygen. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 9, 14–18.10.1007/BF00309464Search in Google Scholar

Scott, A.D., and Amonette, J. (1985) Role of iron in mica weathering. In J.W. Stucki, B.A. Goodman, U. Schwertmann, Eds., Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals, Chapter 16, p. 537–610. Springer.10.1007/978-94-009-4007-9_16Search in Google Scholar

Shirozu, H. (1980) Cation distribution, sheet thickness, and O-OH space in trioctahedral chlorites—an X ray and infrared study. Mineralogical Journal, 10, 14–34.10.2465/minerj.10.14Search in Google Scholar

Shirozu, H. (1985) Infrared spectra of trioctahedral chlorites in relation to chemical composition. Clay Science, 176, 167–176.Search in Google Scholar

Smyth, J.R., Dyar, M.D., May, H.M., Bricker, O.P., and Acker, J.G. (1997) Crystal structure refinement and Mössbauer spectroscopy of an ordered, triclinic clinochlore. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 544–550.10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450406Search in Google Scholar

Steudel, A., Kleeberg, R., Koch, C.B., Friedrich, F., and Emmerich, K. (2016) Thermal behavior of chlorites of the clinochlore-chamosite solid solution series: Oxidation of structural iron, hydrogen release and dehydroxylation. Applied Clay Science, 132–133, 626–634.10.1016/j.clay.2016.08.013Search in Google Scholar

Trincal, V., and Lanari, P. (2016) Al-free di-trioctahedral substitution in chlorite and a ferri-sudoite end-member. Clay Minerals, 51, 675–687.10.1180/claymin.2016.051.4.09Search in Google Scholar

Vedder, W., and Wilkins, R. (1969) Dehydroxylation and Rehydroxylation, Oxidation and Reduction of Mica. American Mineralogist, 54, 482–509.Search in Google Scholar

Vidal, O., Parra, T., and Trotet, F. (2001) A thermodynamic model for Fe-Mg aluminous chlorite using data from phase equilibrium experiments and natural pelitic assemblages in the 100° to 600°C, 1 to 25 kb range. American Journal of Science, 301, 557–592.10.2475/ajs.301.6.557Search in Google Scholar

Vidal, O., De Andrade, V., Lewin, E., Munoz, M., Parra, T., and Pascarelli, S. (2006) P-T-deformation-Fe3+Fe2+ mapping at the thin section scale and comparison with XANES mapping: Application to a garnet-bearing metapelite from the Sambagawa metamorphic belt (Japan). Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 24, 669–683.10.1111/j.1525-1314.2006.00661.xSearch in Google Scholar

Vidal, O., Lanari, P., Munoz, M., Bourdelle, F., and de Andrade, V. (2016) Deciphering temperature, pressure and oxygen-activity conditions of chlorite formation. Clay Minerals, 51, 615–633.10.1180/claymin.2016.051.4.06Search in Google Scholar

Villiéras, F., Tvon, J., Cases, J.M., Zimmermann, J.L., and Baeza, R. (1992) Dosage et localisation du fer II dans le talc et la chlorite par analyse apectrometrique des gaz de thermolyse. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, 315, 1201–1206.Search in Google Scholar

Villiéras, F., Yvon, J., François, M., Maurice Cases, J., Lhote, F., and Uriot, J.P. (1993) Micropore formation due to thermal decomposition of hydroxide layer of Mg-chlorites: interactions with water. Applied Clay Science, 8, 147–168.10.1016/0169-1317(93)90034-XSearch in Google Scholar

Villiéras, F., Yvon, J., Cases, J.M., De Donato, P., Lhote, F., and Baeza, R. (1994) Development of microporosity in clinochlore upon heating. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 679–688.10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420604Search in Google Scholar

Wang, D., Yi, L., Huang, B., and Liu, C. (2015) High-temperature dehydration of talc: A kinetics study using in situ X‑ray powder diffraction. Phase Transitions, 88, 560–566.10.1080/01411594.2014.1002092Search in Google Scholar

Weiss, E.J., and Rowland, R.A. (1956) Oscillating-heating X‑ray diffractometer studies of clay mineral dehydroxylation. American Mineralogist, 41, 117–126.Search in Google Scholar

Zanazzi, P.F., Comodi, P., Nazzareni, S., and Andreozzi, G.B. (2009) Thermal behaviour of chlorite: an in situ single-crystal and powder diffraction study. European Journal of Mineralogy, 21, 581–589.10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1928Search in Google Scholar

Zhan, W., and Guggenheim, S. (1995) The dehydroxylation of chlorite and the formation of topotactic product phases. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 622–629.10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430512Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2018-03-07
Accepted: 2018-07-16
Published Online: 2018-10-30
Published in Print: 2018-11-27

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Probing planetary core structure and dynamics using density and sound velocity
  3. Mapping the distribution of melt during anatexis at the source area of crustal granites by synchrotron μ-XRF
  4. Geochemical constraints on residual metal and sulfide in the sources of lunar mare basalts
  5. High-temperature behavior of natural ferrierite: In-situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study
  6. The crystal chemistry of the sakhaite–harkerite solid solution
  7. Quantitative analysis of H-species in anisotropic minerals by unpolarized infrared spectroscopy: An experimental evaluation
  8. Liquid properties in the Fe-FeS system under moderate pressure: Tool box to model small planetary cores
  9. Solution mechanisms of COHN fluids in melts to upper mantle temperature, pressure, and redox conditions
  10. Dating phosphates of the strongly shocked Suizhou chondrite
  11. Quantitative measurement of olivine composition in three dimensions using helical-scan X-ray micro-tomography
  12. Chemical fingerprints and residence times of olivine in the 1959 Kilauea Iki eruption, Hawaii: Insights into picrite formation
  13. Predicting olivine composition using Raman spectroscopy through band shift and multivariate analyses
  14. Dehydrogenation and dehydroxylation as drivers of the thermal decomposition of Fe-chlorites
  15. High-pressure granulite facies metamorphism (~1.8 GPa) revealed in silica-undersaturated garnet-spinel-corundum gneiss, Central Maine Terrane, Connecticut, U.S.A.
  16. Letter
  17. Raman elastic geobarometry for anisotropic mineral inclusions
  18. Synthesis and crystal structure of Mg-bearing Fe9O11: New insight in the complexity of Fe-Mg oxides at conditions of the deep upper mantle
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6541
Keywords for this article
Chlorite; dehydrogenation; dehydroxylation; oxidation; thermogravimetry; Mössbauer spectroscopy

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Probing planetary core structure and dynamics using density and sound velocity
  3. Mapping the distribution of melt during anatexis at the source area of crustal granites by synchrotron μ-XRF
  4. Geochemical constraints on residual metal and sulfide in the sources of lunar mare basalts
  5. High-temperature behavior of natural ferrierite: In-situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study
  6. The crystal chemistry of the sakhaite–harkerite solid solution
  7. Quantitative analysis of H-species in anisotropic minerals by unpolarized infrared spectroscopy: An experimental evaluation
  8. Liquid properties in the Fe-FeS system under moderate pressure: Tool box to model small planetary cores
  9. Solution mechanisms of COHN fluids in melts to upper mantle temperature, pressure, and redox conditions
  10. Dating phosphates of the strongly shocked Suizhou chondrite
  11. Quantitative measurement of olivine composition in three dimensions using helical-scan X-ray micro-tomography
  12. Chemical fingerprints and residence times of olivine in the 1959 Kilauea Iki eruption, Hawaii: Insights into picrite formation
  13. Predicting olivine composition using Raman spectroscopy through band shift and multivariate analyses
  14. Dehydrogenation and dehydroxylation as drivers of the thermal decomposition of Fe-chlorites
  15. High-pressure granulite facies metamorphism (~1.8 GPa) revealed in silica-undersaturated garnet-spinel-corundum gneiss, Central Maine Terrane, Connecticut, U.S.A.
  16. Letter
  17. Raman elastic geobarometry for anisotropic mineral inclusions
  18. Synthesis and crystal structure of Mg-bearing Fe9O11: New insight in the complexity of Fe-Mg oxides at conditions of the deep upper mantle
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 22.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2018-6541/html
Scroll to top button