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Non-destructive, multi-method, internal analysis of multiple inclusions in a single diamond: First occurrence of mackinawite (Fe,Ni)1+xS

  • Giovanna Agrosì EMAIL logo , Gioacchino Tempesta , Daniela Mele , Ignazio Allegretta , Roberto Terzano , Steven B. Shirey , Graham D. Pearson and Fabrizio Nestola
Published/Copyright: October 30, 2017
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 102 Issue 11

Abstract

A single gem lithospheric diamond with five sulfide inclusions from the Udachnaya kimberlite (Siberia, Russia) has been analyzed non-destructively to track the growth conditions of the diamond. Sulfides are the most abundant mineral inclusions in many lithospheric diamond crystals and are the most favorable minerals to date diamond crystals by Re-Os isotope systematics. Our investigation used non-destructive, micro-techniques, combining X-ray tomography, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. This approach allowed us to determine the spatial distribution of the inclusions, their chemical and mineralogical composition on the microscale, and, finally, the paragenetic association, leaving the diamond host completely unaffected. The sample was also studied by X-ray diffraction topography to characterize the structural defects of the diamond and to obtain genetic information about its growth history. The X-ray topographic images show that the sample investigated exhibits plastic deformation. One set of {111} slip lamellae, corresponding to polysynthetic twinning, affects the entire sample. Chemical data on the inclusions still trapped within the diamond show they are monosulfide solid solutions of Fe, Ni and indicate a peridotitic paragenesis. Micro-X-ray diffraction reveals that the inclusions mainly consist of a polycrystalline aggregate of pentlandite and pyrrothite. A thorough analysis of the Raman data suggests the presence of a further Fe, Ni sulfide, never reported so far in diamonds: mackinawite. The total absence of any oxides in the sulfide assemblage clearly indicates that mackinawite is not simply a “late” alteration of pyrrhotite and pentlandite due to secondary oxidizing fluids entering diamond fractures after the diamond transport to the surface. Instead, it is likely formed as a low-temperature phase that grew in a closed system within the diamond host. It is possible that mackinawite is a more common phase in sulfide assemblages within diamond crystals than has previously been presumed, and that the percentage of mackinawite within a given sulfide assemblage could vary from diamond to diamond and from locality to locality.

Keywords: Diamond; sulfide; mackinawite; non-destructive analyses

Acknowledgments

The authors are very grateful to National Project PONa3_00369 “SISTEMA” and to Laboratories network “Micro X-ray Lab” of the University of Bari “A. Moro” for the analyses by micro-CT and micro-XRF, respectively. The research was supported by ERC Starting Grant INDIMEDEA (grant number 307322), awarded to Fabrizio Nestola, University of Padova (Italy).

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Received: 2017-4-30
Accepted: 2017-7-21
Published Online: 2017-10-30
Published in Print: 2017-11-27

© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Rutile: A novel recorder of high-fo2 fluids in subduction zones
  3. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  4. Granites and rhyolites: Messages from Hong Kong, courtesy of zircon
  5. Review
  6. Do Fe-Ti-oxide magmas exist? Probably not!
  7. Special Collection: Biomaterials—Mineralogy Meets Medicine
  8. Calcium (Ti,Zr) hexaorthophosphate bioceramics for electrically stimulated biomedical implant devices: A position paper
  9. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals
  10. Raman spectroscopy of water-rich stishovite and dense high-pressure silica up to 55 GPa
  12. Tracking the evolution of Late Mesozoic arc-related magmatic systems in Hong Kong using in-situ U-Pb dating and trace element analyses in zircon
  14. Defect contributions to the heat capacities and stabilities of some chain, ring, and sheet silicates, with implications for mantle minerals
  16. Phase transition in SiC from zinc-blende to rock-salt structure and implications for carbon-rich extrasolar planets
  18. Non-destructive, multi-method, internal analysis of multiple inclusions in a single diamond: First occurrence of mackinawite (Fe,Ni)1+xS
  20. The fate of ammonium in phengite at high temperature
  22. Parameterized lattice strain models for REE partitioning between amphibole and silicate melt
  24. Unusual replacement of Fe-Ti oxides by rutile during retrogression in amphibolite-hosted veins (Dabie UHP terrane): A mineralogical record of fluid-induced oxidation processes in exhumed UHP slabs
  26. Crystallization experiments in rhyolitic systems: The effect of temperature cycling and starting material on crystal size distribution
  28. Dolomite dissociation indicates ultra-deep (>150 km) subduction of a garnet-bearing dunite block (the Sulu UHP terrane)
  30. Microscopic strain in a grossular-pyrope solution anti-correlates with excess volume through local Mg-Ca cation arrangement, more strongly at high Ca/Mg ratio
  32. Ferruginous seawater facilitates the transformation of glauconite to chamosite: An example from the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation of North China
  34. Charleshatchettite, CaNb4O10(OH)2·8H2O, a new mineral from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada: Description, crystal-structure determination, and origin
  36. New Mineral Names
  38. Erratum
  39. Book Review
  40. Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-6178
Keywords for this article
Diamond; sulfide; mackinawite; non-destructive analyses

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Rutile: A novel recorder of high-fo2 fluids in subduction zones
  3. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  4. Granites and rhyolites: Messages from Hong Kong, courtesy of zircon
  5. Review
  6. Do Fe-Ti-oxide magmas exist? Probably not!
  7. Special Collection: Biomaterials—Mineralogy Meets Medicine
  8. Calcium (Ti,Zr) hexaorthophosphate bioceramics for electrically stimulated biomedical implant devices: A position paper
  9. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals
  10. Raman spectroscopy of water-rich stishovite and dense high-pressure silica up to 55 GPa
  12. Tracking the evolution of Late Mesozoic arc-related magmatic systems in Hong Kong using in-situ U-Pb dating and trace element analyses in zircon
  14. Defect contributions to the heat capacities and stabilities of some chain, ring, and sheet silicates, with implications for mantle minerals
  16. Phase transition in SiC from zinc-blende to rock-salt structure and implications for carbon-rich extrasolar planets
  18. Non-destructive, multi-method, internal analysis of multiple inclusions in a single diamond: First occurrence of mackinawite (Fe,Ni)1+xS
  20. The fate of ammonium in phengite at high temperature
  22. Parameterized lattice strain models for REE partitioning between amphibole and silicate melt
  24. Unusual replacement of Fe-Ti oxides by rutile during retrogression in amphibolite-hosted veins (Dabie UHP terrane): A mineralogical record of fluid-induced oxidation processes in exhumed UHP slabs
  26. Crystallization experiments in rhyolitic systems: The effect of temperature cycling and starting material on crystal size distribution
  28. Dolomite dissociation indicates ultra-deep (>150 km) subduction of a garnet-bearing dunite block (the Sulu UHP terrane)
  30. Microscopic strain in a grossular-pyrope solution anti-correlates with excess volume through local Mg-Ca cation arrangement, more strongly at high Ca/Mg ratio
  32. Ferruginous seawater facilitates the transformation of glauconite to chamosite: An example from the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation of North China
  34. Charleshatchettite, CaNb4O10(OH)2·8H2O, a new mineral from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada: Description, crystal-structure determination, and origin
  36. New Mineral Names
  38. Erratum
  39. Book Review
  40. Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes
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