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Do Fe-Ti-oxide magmas exist? Probably not!

  • Donald H. Lindsley EMAIL logo und Nathan Epler
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 30. Oktober 2017
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American Mineralogist
Aus der Zeitschrift American Mineralogist Band 102 Heft 11

Abstract

Many Fe-Ti oxide bodies associated with anorthosite suites and with some tholeiitic plutonic bodies have cross-cutting relationships with their host rocks suggesting that they may have been emplaced as oxide melts. Pure Fe-Ti oxides melt at temperatures much higher than is considered to be geologically realistic, so various fluxes (mainly apatite, fluorine, or carbon) have been called upon to stabilize the melts down to plausible temperatures. This review traces our experimental attempts to test the effectiveness of proposed fluxes and therefore to demonstrate the existence of such melts at geologically realistic temperatures.

Neither F-apatite nor carbon act to stabilize Ti-rich Fe-Ti oxide melts at 1300 °C and below, and we conclude that—unless some totally unforeseen material does serve as a flux—Fe-Ti oxide magmas almost certainly do not exist. Although our data are not conclusive, it appears that increasing contents of FeO (and possibly TiO2) and P2O5 mutually enhance their solubilities in silicate melts, allowing extensive buildup of those components in melts residual to anorthosite. We interpret that oxide orebodies form by gravitational accumulation of crystalline oxides from such liquids. Once those melts become saturated with either Fe-Ti oxides or apatite, both phases will tend to co-precipitate, thus explaining the common occurrence of apatite with oxide orebodies (“nelsonites”). Cross-cutting oxide bodies were probably emplaced as crystalline oxides, possibly lubricated by small amounts of residual silicate liquid. Oxidation of the Fe2TiO4 component in initially ulvospinel-rich spinel and concomitant formation of ilmenite grains by granule-oxy-“exsolution” may have weakened the crystalline oxide and facilitated its flow during emplacement.

It seems clear, though, that the presence of carbon does stabilize Ti-poor iron oxide melts to very low temperatures (at and even below 1000 °C), consistent with the (disputed!) magmatic origin of the magnetite lavas at El Laco, Chile.

Keywords: Fe-Ti oxides; oxide melts; oxide magmas; orebodies; immiscible melts; anorthosite suite; apatite; flux; Invited Centennial article; Review article

Acknowledgments

We thank Gregory Symmes, Susan Swapp, and Adrian Fiegl for help with electron microprobe analyses, and Jim Quinn for help with electron microscopy. Jon Philipp and Qiang Zeng worked on the Fe-C-O experiments with added components. The experiments reported here and earlier electron microprobe analyses were supported by a series of NSF grants to D.H.L. in the 1980s and 1990s. Recent microprobe work at the American Museum of Natural History was supported by NSF Grant EAR1249696 to Hanna Nekvasil. The manuscript was improved through comments on an early version by Lew Ashwal, Tony Morse, and especially James Scoates, and on the submitted version by Bernard Charlier and Dick Naslund; we thank them all.

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Received: 2017-1-25
Accepted: 2017-6-29
Published Online: 2017-10-30
Published in Print: 2017-11-27

© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-6091
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Fe-Ti oxides; oxide melts; oxide magmas; orebodies; immiscible melts; anorthosite suite; apatite; flux; Invited Centennial article; Review article

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Rutile: A novel recorder of high-fo2 fluids in subduction zones
  3. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  4. Granites and rhyolites: Messages from Hong Kong, courtesy of zircon
  5. Review
  6. Do Fe-Ti-oxide magmas exist? Probably not!
  7. Special Collection: Biomaterials—Mineralogy Meets Medicine
  8. Calcium (Ti,Zr) hexaorthophosphate bioceramics for electrically stimulated biomedical implant devices: A position paper
  9. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals
  10. Raman spectroscopy of water-rich stishovite and dense high-pressure silica up to 55 GPa
  12. Tracking the evolution of Late Mesozoic arc-related magmatic systems in Hong Kong using in-situ U-Pb dating and trace element analyses in zircon
  14. Defect contributions to the heat capacities and stabilities of some chain, ring, and sheet silicates, with implications for mantle minerals
  16. Phase transition in SiC from zinc-blende to rock-salt structure and implications for carbon-rich extrasolar planets
  18. Non-destructive, multi-method, internal analysis of multiple inclusions in a single diamond: First occurrence of mackinawite (Fe,Ni)1+xS
  20. The fate of ammonium in phengite at high temperature
  22. Parameterized lattice strain models for REE partitioning between amphibole and silicate melt
  24. Unusual replacement of Fe-Ti oxides by rutile during retrogression in amphibolite-hosted veins (Dabie UHP terrane): A mineralogical record of fluid-induced oxidation processes in exhumed UHP slabs
  26. Crystallization experiments in rhyolitic systems: The effect of temperature cycling and starting material on crystal size distribution
  28. Dolomite dissociation indicates ultra-deep (>150 km) subduction of a garnet-bearing dunite block (the Sulu UHP terrane)
  30. Microscopic strain in a grossular-pyrope solution anti-correlates with excess volume through local Mg-Ca cation arrangement, more strongly at high Ca/Mg ratio
  32. Ferruginous seawater facilitates the transformation of glauconite to chamosite: An example from the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation of North China
  34. Charleshatchettite, CaNb4O10(OH)2·8H2O, a new mineral from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada: Description, crystal-structure determination, and origin
  36. New Mineral Names
  38. Erratum
  39. Book Review
  40. Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes
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