Home The effect of MWCNT concentration on the electrical resistance change characteristic of glass/fiber epoxy composites under low cycle fatigue loading
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The effect of MWCNT concentration on the electrical resistance change characteristic of glass/fiber epoxy composites under low cycle fatigue loading

  • Fatih Turan

    Fatih Turan, born in 1984, graduated with a doctor degree from the Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey, in 2022. Currently, he is lecturer at Eskisehir Technical University in Turkey and his main research area is Mechanics of Composite Materials.

    ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 9, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

In this study, the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube concentration on the electrical resistance change characteristics of multi-walled carbon nanotube filled glass/epoxy composites under low-cycle fatigue loading was experimentally investigated. For this purpose, multi-walled carbon nanotube concentrations of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 wt.% within composites were utilized to ensure electrical conductivity. The rectangular specimens for fatigue tests were manufactured by vacuum bagging method. The fatigue tests were conducted in a load-controlled manner with an ultimate strength ratio of 0.6 and at a stress ratio of 0.1. The results showed that the alteration in electrical resistance within the composites experiences a sharp and exponential rise when the concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotube reach 0.2 and 0.3 wt.%, whereas the rate of this increase in electrical resistance is more gradual at 0.4 wt.%. multi-walled carbon nanotube concentration. The electrical resistance change curves of multi-walled carbon nanotube filled composites at various fatigue life levels were determined for statistical analysis using the Weibull distribution method. Finally, the average stiffness loss and the average residual fatigue life were determined at the electrical resistance changes corresponding to 95, 80, and 50 % Weibull reliabilities at various fatigue life levels and various multi-walled carbon nanotube concentrations.


Corresponding author: Fatih Turan, Mechanical Engineering Department, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Türkiye, E-mail:

Award Identifier / Grant number: 122M232

About the author

Fatih Turan

Fatih Turan, born in 1984, graduated with a doctor degree from the Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey, in 2022. Currently, he is lecturer at Eskisehir Technical University in Turkey and his main research area is Mechanics of Composite Materials.

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Prof. Dr. Aysun Ozkan from Eskisehir Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Turkey, for assisting with the dispersion procedure of MWCNTs by ultrasonication. The author would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Dilek Turan from Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Turkey, for assisting in fatigue test experiments.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under 1002 Program with the Grant No: 122M232.

  7. Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

References

[1] I. M. Daniel and O. Ishai, Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2nd ed. New York, Oxford University Press, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

[2] L. Gerdes, S. Mrzljak, J. Keuntje, V. Wippo, P. Jaeschke, and F. Walther, “Fatigue performance of laser cut carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy and polyamide 6 considering specimen width,” Mater. Test., vol. 65, no. 11, pp. 1645–1656, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0170.Search in Google Scholar

[3] H. T. Hahn and R. Y. Kim, “Fatigue behavior of composite laminate,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 156–180, 1976, https://doi.org/10.1177/002199837601000205.Search in Google Scholar

[4] K. L. Reifsnider, Fatigue of Composite Materials, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

[5] V. Trappe, “Fatigue life evaluation of composite wing spar cap materials,” Mater. Test., vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 1135–1139, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111431.Search in Google Scholar

[6] K. F. Brethee, A. N. Uwayed, and A. Y. Alden Qwam, “A novel index for vibration-based damage detection technique in laminated composite plates under forced vibrations: experimental study,” Struct. Health Monit., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 3109–3125, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1177/14759217221145622.Search in Google Scholar

[7] B. M. Gackowski, G. D. Goh, M. Sharma, and S. Idapalapati, “Additive manufacturing of nylon composites with embedded multi-material piezoresistive strain sensors for structural health monitoring,” Compos. B Eng., vol. 261, 2023, Art. no. 110796, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110796.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Y. Li and Z. Sharif-Khodaei, “A novel damage detection method for carbon fibre reinforced polymer structures based on distributed strain measurements with fibre optical sensor,” Mech. Syst. Signal Process., vol. 208, 2024, Art. no. 110954, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2023.110954.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Y. Hu, et al.., “Strain transfer of fiber Bragg grating sensors in fiber-reinforced polymer composites with different fiber orientations and temperatures,” Measurement, vol. 225, 2024, Art. no. 114005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.114005.Search in Google Scholar

[10] M. Al-Bahrani and A. Cree, “Micro-scale damage sensing in self-sensing nanocomposite material based CNTs,” Compos. B Eng., vol. 205, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108479.Search in Google Scholar

[11] H. Liu and E. T. Thostenson, “Conductive nanocomposites for multifunctional sensing applications,” in Comprehensive Composite Materials II, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 315–351.10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10017-7Search in Google Scholar

[12] Ö. Erdem, et al.., “Carbon‐based nanomaterials and sensing tools for wearable health monitoring devices,” Adv. Mater. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202100572.Search in Google Scholar

[13] A. O. Monteiro, P. B. Cachim, and P. M. F. J. Costa, “Self-sensing piezoresistive cement composite loaded with carbon black particles,” Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 81, pp. 59–65, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.04.009.Search in Google Scholar

[14] M. J. Roshan, M. Abedi, R. Fangueiro, A. G. Correia, and M. M. Silva, “Evaluation procedure for damage detection by a self-sensing cement composite,” Measurement, vol. 226, 2024, Art. no. 114149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.114149.Search in Google Scholar

[15] L. Arronche, V. La Saponara, S. Yesil, and G. Bayram, “Impact damage sensing of multiscale composites through epoxy matrix containing carbon nanotubes,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 128, no. 5, pp. 2797–2806, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38448.Search in Google Scholar

[16] J. L. Abot, et al.., “Delamination detection with carbon nanotube thread in self-sensing composite materials,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 1113–1119, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.02.022.Search in Google Scholar

[17] L. Gao, T. W. Chou, E. T. Thostenson, Z. Zhang, and M. Coulaud, “In situ sensing of impact damage in epoxy/glass fiber composites using percolating carbon nanotube networks,” Carbon, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 3382–3385, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.04.003.Search in Google Scholar

[18] D. Chen, et al.., “Structure and function design of carbon nanotube-based flexible strain sensors and their application,” Measurement, vol. 225, 2024, Art. no. 113992, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113992.Search in Google Scholar

[19] C. Kaboglu and E. Ferik, “Effects of carbon nanotubes on mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composite under static loading,” Mater. Test., vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 294–302, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2024.Search in Google Scholar

[20] M. E. Çetin, “Improvement of the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of polyurethane adhesives with nanoparticles and their application to Al/Al honeycomb sandwich panels,” Mater. Test., vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 272–283, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2028.Search in Google Scholar

[21] E. Thostenson, C. Li, and T. Chou, “Nanocomposites in context,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 65, nos. 3–4, pp. 491–516, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.003.Search in Google Scholar

[22] E. T. Thostenson and T.-W. Chou, “Real-time in situ sensing of damage evolution in advanced fiber composites using carbon nanotube networks,” Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 21, 2008, Art. no. 215713, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/21/215713.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[23] Y. Hu, et al.., “Highly conductive and mechanically robust MXene@CF core-shell composites for in-situ damage sensing and electromagnetic interference shielding,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 246, 2024, Art. no. 110356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110356.Search in Google Scholar

[24] X. Wang, et al.., “Comparative analysis for strain response and life monitoring of composite using carbon-based nanosensors,” Sens. Actuators A Phys., vol. 366, 2024, Art. no. 115021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2024.115021.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Z. Sun, et al.., “High-performance polyurethane composite elastomers with coral reef-like hierarchical heterostructures for electromagnetic wave absorption and flexible sensing,” Mater. Today Chem., vol. 35, 2024, Art. no. 101840, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101840.Search in Google Scholar

[26] C. I. Piñón-Balderrama, C. A. Hernández-Escobar, S. Y. Reyes-López, A. S. Conejo-Dávila, A. Estrada-Monje, and E. A. Zaragoza-Contreras, “Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose with a carbon black/polyaniline/silver nanoparticle composite,” Chemosensors, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 26, Feb, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020026.Search in Google Scholar

[27] D. Krajewski, et al.., “Methods for enhancing the electrical properties of epoxy matrix composites,” Energies (Basel), vol. 15, no. 13, p. 4562, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134562.Search in Google Scholar

[28] M.-J. Lim, H. K. Lee, I.-W. Nam, and H.-K. Kim, “Carbon nanotube/cement composites for crack monitoring of concrete structures,” Compos. Struct., vol. 180, pp. 741–750, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.042.Search in Google Scholar

[29] K. M. Tripathi, F. Vincent, M. Castro, and J. F. Feller, “Flax fibers – epoxy with embedded nanocomposite sensors to design lightweight smart bio-composites,” Nanocomposites, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 125–134, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/20550324.2016.1227546.Search in Google Scholar

[30] M. Zhan, G. Pan, F. Zhou, R. Mi, and S. P. Shah, “In situ-grown carbon nanotubes enhanced cement-based materials with multifunctionality,” Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 108, 2020, Art. no. 103518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103518.Search in Google Scholar

[31] J. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, M. Z. Sheikh, and W. Wang, “Investigation on carbon nanoparticle (CNP)-polymer sensors for fatigue monitoring of fiber-reinforced composites,” Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 30, no. 23, pp. 4902–4912, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2022.2107744.Search in Google Scholar

[32] C. Viets, S. Kaysser, and K. Schulte, “Damage mapping of GFRP via electrical resistance measurements using nanocomposite epoxy matrix systems,” Compos. B Eng., vol. 65, pp. 80–88, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.049.Search in Google Scholar

[33] S. Datta, R. K. Neerukatti, and A. Chattopadhyay, “Buckypaper embedded self-sensing composite for real-time fatigue damage diagnosis and prognosis,” Carbon N Y, vol. 139, pp. 353–360, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.06.059.Search in Google Scholar

[34] M. L. Gupta, et al.., “The effect of mixing methods on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes during the solvent-free processing of multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites,” J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys., vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 410–420, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23225.Search in Google Scholar

[35] K. T. Lau, M. Lu, C. K. Lam, H. Y. Cheung, F. L. Sheng, and H. L. Li, “Thermal and mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube bundle-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites: the role of solvent for nanotube dispersion,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 65, no. 5 SPEC. ISS., pp. 719–725, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.10.005.Search in Google Scholar

[36] S. Zainuddin, et al.., “Optimization of mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy and E-glass/epoxy composites using NH2-MWCNTs, acetone solvent and combined dispersion methods,” Compos. Struct., vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 39–50, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.11.010.Search in Google Scholar

[37]] F. Turan, M. Guclu, K. Gurkan, A. Durmus, and Y. Taskin, “The effect of carbon nanotubes loading and processing parameters on the electrical, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of epoxy-based composites,” J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng., vol. 44, no. 3, p. 93, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-022-03393-2.Search in Google Scholar

[38] X. Wang, et al.., “Influence of high-temperature, high-pressure, and acidic conditions on the structure and properties of high-performance organic fibers,” Mater. Test., vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 623–635, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2099.Search in Google Scholar

[39] G. W. Mair, B. Becker, and F. Scherer, “Burst strength of composite cylinders – assessment of the type of statistical distribution,” Mater. Test., vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 642–648, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110613.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2024-12-09
Published in Print: 2025-01-29

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. The effect of MWCNT concentration on the electrical resistance change characteristic of glass/fiber epoxy composites under low cycle fatigue loading
  3. Effect of TMAB and ZrC concentration on mechanical and morphological properties of Ni–B/ZrC composite electrodeposition
  4. Influence of pulse duration and frequency of laser surface texturing on the surface roughness and microstructure of CoCr28Mo alloy for biomedical applications
  5. Comparison of Ni-based SiC and B4C reinforcements on a TIG-coated AISI 1040 steel
  6. Fatigue life of friction stir spot welds between Z91 magnesium alloy and ENAW7075-T651 aluminum alloy
  7. Effect of wire feed speed and arc length on weld bead geometry in synergistic controlled pulsed MIG/MAG welding
  8. Structural and morphological behavior of Al-based hybrid composites reinforced by SiC and WS2 inorganic material
  9. Impact behavior of natural material-based sandwich composites
  10. Effects of different production methods and hybridization on mechanical characteristics of basalt, flax, and jute fiber-reinforced composites
  11. Effect of heat treatment on interface characteristics and mechanical properties of explosive welded Cu/Ti composites
  12. Enhanced mechanical properties of Sr-modified Al–Mg–Si alloy by thermo-mechanical treatment
  13. Mechanical properties of laser welded similar and dissimilar steel joints of TBF1050 and DP1000 steel sheets
  14. Mechanical behavior of composite pipe structures under compressive force and its prediction using different machine learning algorithms
  15. Advanced structural design of engineering components utilizing an artificial neural network and GNDO algorithm
  16. Energy efficiency in materials testing by reactive power – part 1: power recirculating method in wear testing
Downloaded on 10.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mt-2024-0107/html
Scroll to top button