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Immunochemical quantification of free immunoglobulin light chains from an analytical perspective

  • Takanari Nakano , Shuichi Miyazaki , Hidenori Takahashi , Akira Matsumori , Taro Maruyama , Tsugikazu Komoda and Atsuo Nagata
Published/Copyright: September 21, 2011
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Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
From the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) Volume 44 Issue 5

Abstract

Immunoglobulin light chains are components of antibodies, but some exist in a free form in serum and urine as a result of their excess production over heavy chains. Free light chain (FLC) levels are of the order of milligram per liter in normal serum and urine, but marked increases have been observed in various disease conditions. It has now been established that the measurement of FLC levels contributes to diagnosis and clinical management in monoclonal gammopathies. Recent developments in FLC assays have been adapted to several automated platforms and they have now become available in laboratories. There have, however, been some concerns regarding the analytical aspects. The current assay specificity appears to be insufficient to prevent the influence of intact light chains of several orders of magnitude greater than FLCs in serum. Moreover, the heterogeneous nature of light chains makes accurate quantification unreliable. FLC assays have never been standardized because of the lack of an international reference calibrator. In this review, we summarize the reports on FLC measurements and examine the specificity of anti-FLC antibodies and the reliability of FLC assays. We also discuss difficulties in the standardization and setting of normal reference intervals for FLC assays.

Keywords: antibody; Bence Jones protein; free immunoglobulin light chain; immunoassay; standardization
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest: S. Miyazaki and A. Nagata are employees of YAMASA Corporation, which provides materials for FLC ELISAs, and they will be involved in marketing these products. T. Nakano and A. Nagata have developed FLC ELISAs at YAMASA. Corresponding author: Takanari Nakano, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan Phone/Fax: +81-492-76-1155,

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Received: 2006-1-14
Accepted: 2006-3-15
Published Online: 2011-9-21
Published in Print: 2006-5-1

©2006 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York

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https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2006.118
Keywords for this article
antibody; Bence Jones protein; free immunoglobulin light chain; immunoassay; standardization

Articles in the same Issue

  1. CCLM: Expanding the science worldwide
  2. Factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A substitution and hormone therapy: indications for molecular screening
  3. Immunochemical quantification of free immunoglobulin light chains from an analytical perspective
  4. De novo deletion removes a conserved motif in the C-terminus of ABCA4 and results in cone-rod dystrophy
  5. Molecular detection of squamous cell carcinoma antigen transcripts in peripheral blood of cancer patients
  6. Influence of human haptoglobin polymorphism on oxidative stress induced by free hemoglobin on red blood cells
  7. Real-time RT-PCR quantification of PRAME gene expression for monitoring minimal residual disease in acute myeloblastic leukaemia
  8. Association of high-sensitive C-reactive protein with advanced stage β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  9. A longitudinal evaluation of urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients
  10. National survey on the execution of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a representative cohort of Italian laboratories
  11. The reduction of cholesteryl linoleate in lipoproteins: an index of clinical severity in β-thalassemia/Hb E
  12. Alterations in serum glycosaminoglycan profiles in Graves' patients
  13. Alterations in anti-oxidative defence enzymes in erythrocytes from sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) and familial ALS patients
  14. Sandwich ELISAs for soluble immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation-associated 2 (IRTA2)/FcRH5 (CD307) proteins in human sera
  15. Utilizing ultrafiltration to remove alkaline phosphatase from clinical analyzer water
  16. Measurement of serum monoclonal components: comparison between densitometry and capillary zone electrophoresis
  17. Salivary aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase: possible markers in periodontal diseases?
  18. Reticulocyte count, mean reticulocyte volume, immature reticulocyte fraction, and mean sphered cell volume in elite athletes: reference values and comparison with the general population
  19. Serum homocysteine levels and paraoxonase 1 activity in preschool aged children in Greece
  20. The effects of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol on homocysteine and vitamin B concentrations
  21. Plasma, salivary and urinary cotinine in non-smoker Italian women exposed and unexposed to environmental tobacco smoking (SEASD study)
  22. Cut-off values for total serum immunoglobulin E between non-atopic and atopic children in north-west Croatia
  23. Thyroglobulin assay during thyroxine treatment in low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer management: comparison with recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated assay and imaging procedures
  24. Evaluation of serum levels of p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt
  25. Insufficient filling of vacuum tubes as a cause of microhemolysis and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. Use of a data-mining technique in evaluation of questionable laboratory test results
  26. Evaluation of three different specimen types (serum, plasma lithium heparin and serum gel separator) for analysis of certain analytes: clinical significance of differences in results and efficiency in use
  27. Comparative evaluation of a new immunoradiometric assay for corticotropin
  28. Mast cells in atherosclerosis as a source of the cytokine RANKL
  29. Falsely increased total serum protein due to dextran interference
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