Thermodynamic equilibrium of a fluid column under the influence of gravity
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Pehr Björnbom
Abstract
According to classical and statistical thermodynamics, a well-mixed fluid mass has a uniform temperature and is at thermodynamic equilibrium. It independent of the gravitational field. However, large well-mixed fluid masses, for example, in atmospheres and oceans, often are isentropic. One has attributed that to the influence of gravity. This has raised the question if such masses can go to a different restricted thermodynamic equilibrium with uniform entropy. Discussions on this issue have continued for three centuries without finding a final answer. This paper presents another analysis of the question if a fluid mass under the influence of gravity may go to a restricted equilibrium state with uniform entropy. At first, it analyses previous work as a background study. Then, it describes a kinetic model for the motion of fluid parcels in a vertical fluid column. This model is the tool for studying if and how the column may go to an isentropic equilibrium. The kinetic model supports the hypothesis that a fluid column under the influence of gravity may go to a restricted equilibrium state with an isentropic temperature profile. A statically unstable column can reach that state spontaneously, while its entropy increases and gravitational potential energy decreases. The latter energy is the source of the kinetic energy for the motion of its fluid parcels, driving the internal heat transfer that results in the isentropic profile.
Author contribution: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Dynamical Systems & Nonlinear Phenomena
- Simultaneous effects of Brownian motion and thermophoretic force on Eyring–Powell fluid through porous geometry
- Gravitation & Cosmology
- A cyclic non-singular universe from Gauss–Bonnet and superstring corrections
- Hydrodynamics
- Mathematical modelling of classical Graetz–Nusselt problem for axisymmetric tube and flat channel using the Carreau fluid model: a numerical benchmark study
- Solid State Physics & Materials Science
- Enhancement of thermal conductivity and ultrasonic properties by incorporating CdS nanoparticles to PVA nanofluids
- Pressure and size dependent investigation of ultrasonic and thermal properties of ScRu intermetallic
- Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics
- Analytical treatment of the critical properties of a generalized van der Waals equation
- Thermodynamic equilibrium of a fluid column under the influence of gravity
