Synthesis of alcohol-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resins from pyrolysis oil of Cunninghamia lanceolata wood and properties of molding plates made of resin-impregnated materials
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis oil (Py-oil) from Cunninghamia lanceolata wood was the starting material in preparing alcohol-soluble phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins. For this purpose, phenol (Ph) and Py-oils were mixed in weight ratios of 50/50, 40/60, and 30/70. The molecular weight distribution, thermal setting behavior, and heat resistance of the set resins were investigated. Albizia falcataria wood powder and cotton paper were impregnated with the resin mixture, and molding plates were produced by hot pressing; their physical, mechanical, and thermal properties were evaluated. The results show that Py-oil blended with Ph is a suitable raw material for preparing alcohol-soluble PF resins, which possess the characteristics of thermal melting and setting. The properties of the molding plates were satisfactory. The static bending strength (>100 MPa) and elastic modulus of the cotton paper-based products fulfill the requirements of CNS 10559 standard. The initial temperature of the thermal degradation of molding plates is >345°C. The performance of the molding plates decreased with increasing ratios of Py-oil.
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Bureau of Energy of Taiwan, ROC, through grant 102-D0106.
References
Amen-Chen, C., Riedl, B., Roy, C. (2002a) Softwood bark pyrolysis oil-PF resols. Part 2. Thermal analysis by DSC and TG. Holzforschung 56:273–280.10.1515/HF.2002.045Suche in Google Scholar
Amen-Chen, C., Riedl, B., Wang, X.M., Roy, C. (2002b) Softwood bark pyrolysis oil-PF resols. Part 1. Resin synthesis and OSB mechanical properties. Holzforschung 56:167–175.10.1515/HF.2002.028Suche in Google Scholar
Bu, Q., Lei, H., Ren, S., Wang, L., Holladay, J., Zhang, Q., Tang, J., Ruan, R. (2011) Phenol and phenolics from lignocellulosic biomass by catalytic microwave pyrolysis. Bioresource Technol. 102:7004–7007.10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.025Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Czernik, S., Bridgwater, A.V. (2004) Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energy Fuels 18:590–598.10.1021/ef034067uSuche in Google Scholar
Demirbaş, A. (2000) Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass. Energy Convers. Manage. 41:633–646.Suche in Google Scholar
Derkyi, N.S.A., Sekyere, D., Darkwa, N.A., Boakye, N.B. (2011) Modeling and optimization of polyphenol extraction for tannin-formaldehyde resin synthesis. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 9:1–21.Suche in Google Scholar
Dobele, G., Dizhbite, T., Ponomarenko, J., Urbanovich, I., Kreicberga, J., Kampars, V. (2011) Isolation and characterization of the phenolic fractions of wood pyrolytic oil. Holzforschung 65:503–510.10.1515/hf.2011.049Suche in Google Scholar
Duman, G., Okutucu, C., Ucar, S., Stahl, R., Yanik, J. (2011) The slow and fast pyrolysis of cherry seed. Bioresource Technol. 102:1869–1878.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.051Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Effendi A., Gerhauser, H., Bridgwater, A.V. (2008) Production of renewable phenolic resins by thermochemical conversion of biomass: a review. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 12:2092–2116.10.1016/j.rser.2007.04.008Suche in Google Scholar
Gagnon, M., Roy, C., Riedl, B. (2004) Adhesives made from isocyanates and pyrolysis oils for wood composites. Holzforschung 58:400–407.10.1515/HF.2004.060Suche in Google Scholar
Geng, X., Deng, J., Zhang, S.Y. (2007) Paper mill sludge as a component of wood adhesive formulation. Holzforschung 61:688–692.10.1515/HF.2007.112Suche in Google Scholar
Kim, S.J., Jung, S.H., Kim, J.S. (2010) Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shells: influence of operation parameters on the bio-oil yield and the yield of phenol and phenolic compounds. Bioresource Technol. 101:9294–9300.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.110Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Küçük, M.M., Demirbaş, A. (1997) Biomass conversion processes. Energy Convers. Manage. 38:151–165.Suche in Google Scholar
Lee, W.J., Yu, C.Y., Chang, K.C., Huang, Y.P., Chang, C.H., Liu, C.T. (2011) Spherical PF resin beads prepared from phenol-liquefied Bambusa dolichoclada with suspension polymerization. Holzforschung 65:163–169.10.1515/hf.2010.120Suche in Google Scholar
Lee, W.J., Chang, K.C., Hsu, L.Y., Tseng, I.M. (2012a) Properties of molding plates made with albizia wood particles impregnated with alcohol-soluble PF resins prepared from phenol-liquefied lignins. Holzforschung 66:745–750.10.1515/hf-2011-0233Suche in Google Scholar
Lee, W.J., Chang, K.C., Tseng, I.M. (2012b) Properties of phenol-formaldehyde resins prepared from phenol-liquefied lignin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 124:4782–4788.10.1002/app.35539Suche in Google Scholar
Lee, W.J., Kang, C.L., Chang, K.C., Chen, Y.C. (2012c) Synthesis and properties of resol-type phenol-formaldehyde resins prepared from H2SO4- and HCl-catalyzed phenol-liquefied Cryptomeria japonica wood. Holzforschung 66:67–72.10.1515/HF.2011.121Suche in Google Scholar
Lenghaus, K., Qiao, G.G., Solomon, D.H. (2001) The effect of formaldehyde to phenol ratio on the curing and carbonization behaviour of resole resins. Polymer 42:3355–3362.10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00710-2Suche in Google Scholar
Lu, K.-T., Wu, L.-Y. (2013) Substitution of phenol in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins by wood tar for plywood adhesives. Holzforschung 67:413–419.10.1515/hf-2012-0047Suche in Google Scholar
Meier, D., Faix, O. (1999) State of the art of applied fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials: a review. Bioresource Technol. 68:71–77.10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00086-8Suche in Google Scholar
Mohan, D., Pittman, C.U. Jr., Steele, P.H. (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuels 20:848–889.10.1021/ef0502397Suche in Google Scholar
Pakdel, H., Amen-Chen, C., Roy, C. (1997) Phenolic compounds from vacuum pyrolysis of wood wastes. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 75:121–126.Suche in Google Scholar
Sahaf, A., Englund, K., Laborie, M.-P.G. (2012) Tack and shear strength of hybrid adhesive systems made of phenol-formaldehyde, dextrin and fish glue, and acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive. Holzforschung 66:73–78.10.1515/HF.2011.132Suche in Google Scholar
Sukhbaatar, B., Steele, P.H., Kim, M.G. (2009) Use of lignin separated from bio-oil in oriented strand board binder phenol-formaldehyde resins. BioResources 4:789–804.Suche in Google Scholar
Trick, K.A., Saliba, T.E. (1995) Mechanisms of the pyrolysis of phenolic resin in a carbon/phenolic composite. Carbon 33:1509–1515.10.1016/0008-6223(95)00092-RSuche in Google Scholar
Xu, J., Jiang, J., Lv, W., Dai, W., Sun, Y. (2010) Rice husk bio-oil upgrading by means of phase separation and the production of esters from the water phase, and novolac resins from the insoluble phase. Biomass Bioenerg. 34:1059–1063.10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.01.040Suche in Google Scholar
Yazaki, Y., Hillis, W.E. (1980) Molecular size distribution of radiate pine extracts and its effect on properties. Holzforschung 34:125–130.10.1515/hfsg.1980.34.4.125Suche in Google Scholar
Žilnik, L.F., Jazbinšek, A. (2012) Recovery of renewable phenolic fraction from pyrolysis oil. Sep. Purif. Technol. 86:157–170.Suche in Google Scholar
©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Review
- Mode of action of brown rot decay resistance in modified wood: a review
- Original Articles
- Photoyellowing of chemically modified chemithermomechanical pulps (CTMP) from Eucalyptus globulus under various atmospheres
- Selective purification of bleached spruce TMP process water by induced air flotation (IAF)
- Evaluation of the effects of compression combined with heat treatment by nanoindentation (NI) of poplar cell walls
- Measured temperature and moisture profiles during thermal modification of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) wood
- Modeling the influence of thermal modification on the electrical conductivity of wood
- Spruce fiber properties after high-temperature thermomechanical pulping (HT-TMP)
- Efficiency of visual strength grading of timber with respect to origin, species, cross section, and grading rules: a critical evaluation of the common standards
- Synthesis of alcohol-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resins from pyrolysis oil of Cunninghamia lanceolata wood and properties of molding plates made of resin-impregnated materials
- Enzymatic strategies to improve removal of hexenuronic acids and lignin from cellulosic fibers
- Phylogenetic analysis of major molds inhabiting woods. Part 4. Genus Alternaria
- Short Notes
- Comparison of hydrogenolysis with thioacidolysis for lignin structural analysis
- Detection of complex vascular system in bamboo node by X-ray μCT imaging technique
- Obituary
- Professor Gösta Brunow (1936–2013)
- Meetings
- Meetings
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Review
- Mode of action of brown rot decay resistance in modified wood: a review
- Original Articles
- Photoyellowing of chemically modified chemithermomechanical pulps (CTMP) from Eucalyptus globulus under various atmospheres
- Selective purification of bleached spruce TMP process water by induced air flotation (IAF)
- Evaluation of the effects of compression combined with heat treatment by nanoindentation (NI) of poplar cell walls
- Measured temperature and moisture profiles during thermal modification of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) wood
- Modeling the influence of thermal modification on the electrical conductivity of wood
- Spruce fiber properties after high-temperature thermomechanical pulping (HT-TMP)
- Efficiency of visual strength grading of timber with respect to origin, species, cross section, and grading rules: a critical evaluation of the common standards
- Synthesis of alcohol-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resins from pyrolysis oil of Cunninghamia lanceolata wood and properties of molding plates made of resin-impregnated materials
- Enzymatic strategies to improve removal of hexenuronic acids and lignin from cellulosic fibers
- Phylogenetic analysis of major molds inhabiting woods. Part 4. Genus Alternaria
- Short Notes
- Comparison of hydrogenolysis with thioacidolysis for lignin structural analysis
- Detection of complex vascular system in bamboo node by X-ray μCT imaging technique
- Obituary
- Professor Gösta Brunow (1936–2013)
- Meetings
- Meetings