Effects of anthropometric variables and electrode placement on the SEMG activity of the biceps brachii muscle during submaximal isometric contraction in arm wrestling
-
Nizam Uddin Ahamed
, Kenneth Sundaraj
, Badlishah Ahmad , Matiur Rahman , Md. Asraf Ali und Md. Anamul Islam
Abstract
Surface electromyography (SEMG) has been widely used to analyze the biceps brachii (BB) muscle during voluntary contraction, and the effect of the interelectrode distance has been studied. However, the effect of anthropometric variations and the placement of electrodes on the BB activity during arm wrestling (i.e., during isometric contraction at a submaximal intensity) has seldom been investigated. In this study, the BB strength throughout this type of static contraction was evaluated. The SEMG signals were recorded from three locations on the BB: the muscle belly (M), near proximal (P), and distal tendon (L) regions. Twenty subjects who participated in the experiment were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E). The average SEMG, root mean square, and variability of the signal were calculated using the coefficient of variance. The results indicated that the M region was more active and exhibited increased signal consistency (10.91%) compared with the other two regions (P: 24.47% and L: 19.13%). Significant differences were observed between the L and P regions and between the M and P regions (p<0.05); however, there were no differences between the M and L regions (p>0.05). The increase in the SEMG value in groups B and C was significant (p<0.05), whereas groups A, D, and E did not exhibit a significant increase (p>0.05). In addition, muscle size was the strongest predictor of strength compared with body weight and height. The results suggest that the M region displays considerable SEMG effects and signal reliability. Furthermore, the SEMG measurements were found to correlate strongly with the strength of the contractions and the muscle size, and not with weight and height.
The authors wish to thank all the members of AI-Rehab Research Group (AI-Rehab), the volunteers who participated in this study, and the members of the ethical committee at University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia. There are no conflicts of interest for the authors and the outcome of this study.
References
[1] Ahamed NU, Sundaraj K, Ahmad RB, Rahman M, Anamul M, Ali A. Coherence in muscle activity of the biceps brachii at middle, proximal and distal tendon region among the arm wrestling contestants. Biomed Res 2013; 24: 245–251.Suche in Google Scholar
[2] Ahamed N, Sundaraj K, Ahmad RB, Rahman M, Islam A, Ali A. Non-invasive electromyography-based fatigue detection and performance analysis on m. biceps brachii muscle. Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), 2012 IEEE International Conference on; 23–25 Nov. 2012.10.1109/ICCSCE.2012.6487160Suche in Google Scholar
[3] Ahamed NU, Sundaraj K, Ahmad RB, Rahman M, Islam A, Ali A. Surface electromyography assessment of the biceps brachii muscle between the endplate region and distal tendon insertion: comparison in terms of gender, dominant arm and contraction. J Phys Ther Sci 2013; 259: 3–6.10.1589/jpts.25.3Suche in Google Scholar
[4] ArmWrestling. Canada. [Update 2004; cited 2012 March 15]. 2004: available from http://www.armwrestling.com.Suche in Google Scholar
[5] Basmajian JV, DeLuca CJ. Muscles alive: their functions revealed by electromyography. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1985: 265–289. Chapter 12.Suche in Google Scholar
[6] Basmajian JV. Muscles alive. Their functions revealed by electromyography. Acad Med 1962; 37: 802.Suche in Google Scholar
[7] Beck TW, Housh TJ, Cramer JT, Weir JP. The effects of electrode placement and innervation zone location on the electromyographic amplitude and mean power frequency versus isometric torque relationships for the vastus lateralis muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008; 18: 317–328.10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.10.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[8] Beck TW, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, et al. The effects of interelectrode distance on electromyographic amplitude and mean power frequency during isokinetic and isometric muscle actions of the biceps brachii. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2005; 15: 482–495.10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.12.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[9] Beck TW, Housh TJ, Mielke M, et al. The influence of electrode placement over the innervation zone on electromyographic amplitude and mean power frequency versus isokinetic torque relationships. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 162: 72–83.10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.12.009Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[10] Bilodeau M, Henderson TK, Nolta BE, Pursley PJ, Sandfort GL. Effect of aging on fatigue characteristics of elbow flexor muscles during sustained submaximal contraction. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 2654–2664.10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2654Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[11] Buchman AS, Leurgans S, Gottlieb GL, Chen CH, Almeida GL, Corcos DM. Effect of age and gender in the control of elbow flexion movements. J Mot Behav 2000; 32: 391–399.10.1080/00222890009601388Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] Camic CL, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, et al. The influence of electrode placement on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: S60. doi: 10.1097/01.JSC.0000395673.69067.97.10.1097/01.JSC.0000395673.69067.97Suche in Google Scholar
[13] Campanini I, Merlo A, Degola P, Merletti R, Vezzosi G, Farina D. Effect of electrode location on EMG signal envelope in leg muscles during gait. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007; 17: 515–526.10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.06.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[14] De Luca CJ, Kuznetsov M, Gilmore LD, Roy SH. Inter-electrode spacing of surface EMG sensors: reduction of crosstalk contamination during voluntary contractions. J Biomech 2012; 45: 555–561.10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.11.010Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[15] DeFreitas JM, Costa PB, Ryan ED, Herda TJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW. Innervation zone location of the biceps brachii, a comparison between genders and correlation with anthropometric measurements. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20: 76–80.10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.09.009Suche in Google Scholar
[16] Delagi E, Perotto A. For the electromyographer: the limbs. Phys Med Rehabil 1980.Suche in Google Scholar
[17] Đorđević S, Stančin S, Meglič A, Milutinović V, Tomažič S. MC sensor – a novel method for measurement of muscle tension. Sensors 2011; 11: 9411–9425.10.3390/s111009411Suche in Google Scholar
[18] Drury DG, Stuempfle KJ, Mason CW, Girman JC. The effects of isokinetic contraction velocity on concentric and eccentric strength of the biceps brachii. J Strength Cond Res 2006; 20: 390–395.Suche in Google Scholar
[19] Eberstein A, Beattie B. Simultaneous measurement of muscle conduction velocity and EMG power spectrum changes during fatigue. Muscle Nerve 1985; 8: 768–773.10.1002/mus.880080905Suche in Google Scholar
[20] Esposito F, Veicsteinas A, Orizio C, Malgrati D. Time and frequency domain analysis of electromyogram and sound myogram in the elderly. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996; 73: 503–510.10.1007/BF00357671Suche in Google Scholar
[21] Farina D, Merletti R. A novel approach for precise simulation of the EMG signal detected by surface electrodes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2001; 48: 637–646.10.1109/10.923782Suche in Google Scholar
[22] Fukuda TY, Echeimberg JO, Pompeu JE, et al. Root mean square value of the electromyographic signal in the isometric torque of the quadriceps: hamstrings and brachial biceps muscles in female subjects. J Appl Res 2010; 10: 32–39.Suche in Google Scholar
[23] Gang L, Haifeng C, Jungtae L, editors. A prediction method of muscle force using sEMG. Computer Science and Information Technology – Spring Conference, 2009 IACSITSC ’09 International Association of; 17–20 April 2009.Suche in Google Scholar
[24] Garland SJ, Enoka RM, Serrano LP, Robinson GA. Behavior of motor units in human biceps brachii during a submaximal fatiguing contraction. J Appl Physiol 1994; 76: 2411–2419.10.1152/jappl.1994.76.6.2411Suche in Google Scholar
[25] Gerdle B, Eriksson NE, Brundin L. The behaviour of the mean power frequency of the surface electromyogram in biceps brachii with increasing force and during fatigue. With special regard to the electrode distance. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 30: 483–489.Suche in Google Scholar
[26] Graberski Matasovic M, Matasovic T, Markovac Z. Anthropometric and quantitative EMG status of femoral quadriceps before and after conventional kinesitherapy with and without magnetotherapy. Coll Antropol 1997; 21: 139–150.Suche in Google Scholar
[27] Green LA, Gabriel DA. Anthropometrics and electromyography as predictors for maximal voluntary isometric arm strength. J Sport Health Sci 2012; 1: 107–113.10.1016/j.jshs.2012.05.004Suche in Google Scholar
[28] Heinonen I, Nesterov SV, Kemppainen J, Fujimoto T, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK. Increasing exercise intensity reduces heterogeneity of glucose uptake in human skeletal muscles. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e52191.10.1371/journal.pone.0052191Suche in Google Scholar
[29] Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2000; 1: 361–374.10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00027-4Suche in Google Scholar
[30] Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, et al. SENIAM: European recommendations for surface electromyography. Enschede: Roessingh Research and Development 1999. http://www.seniam.org/. Accessed 26 November, 2012.Suche in Google Scholar
[31] Hong M-K, Lin C-Y, Liao Y-S, Hong C-K, Wang L-H. Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of upper extremity in arm wrestling. Port J Sport Sci 2011; 11: 267–270.Suche in Google Scholar
[32] Ibrahim F, Ahmad SA, Woo PJ, Abas WABW. Biomechanical response of the upper body during prostration in Salat and the child’s pose: a preliminary study. J Phys Ther Sci 2012; 24: 1021–1024.10.1589/jpts.24.1021Suche in Google Scholar
[33] Jobe FW, Moynes DR, Tibone JE, Perry J. An EMG analysis of the shoulder in pitching. Am J Sports Med 1984; 12: 218–220.10.1177/036354658401200310Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[34] Kang C-G. A novel arm-wrestling robot using motion dependant force control, Service Robot Applications, Yoshihiko Takahashi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-7619-00-8, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/6053, http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/5319.pdf. Accessed 23 September, 2012. 2008: 271–282.Suche in Google Scholar
[35] Keogh JW, Marnewick MC, Maulder PS, Nortje JP, Hume PA, Bradshaw EJ. Are anthropometric, flexibility, muscular strength, and endurance variables related to clubhead velocity in low- and high-handicap golfers? J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 1841–1850. doi: 10.519/JSC.0b013e3181b73cb3.10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b73cb3Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[36] Komi PV, Viitasalo JHT. Signal characteristics of EMG at different levels of muscle tension. Acta Physiol Scand 1976; 96: 267–276.10.1111/j.1748-1716.1976.tb10195.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[37] Li W, Sakamoto K. The influence of location of electrode on muscle fiber conduction velocity and EMG power spectrum during voluntary isometric contraction measured with surface array electrodes. Appl Hum Sci 1996; 15: 25–32.10.2114/jpa.15.25Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[38] Luca CJD. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Appl Biomech 1997; 13: 135–163.10.1123/jab.13.2.135Suche in Google Scholar
[39] Marras WS. Overview of electromyography in ergonomics. Proc Hum Factors Ergonom Soc Ann Meet 2000; 44: 5-534–5-536.10.1177/154193120004403037Suche in Google Scholar
[40] Mercer JA, Bezodis N, DeLion D, Zachry T, Rubley MD. EMG sensor location: does it influence the ability to detect differences in muscle contraction conditions? J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2006; 16: 198–204.10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.07.002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[41] Merletti R. Standards for reporting EMG data. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1999; 9: III–IV.Suche in Google Scholar
[42] Merletti R, Parker P. Electromyography: physiology, engineering and non-invasive applications. NY, USA: Wiley-IEEE Press 2004: 477–494.10.1002/0471678384Suche in Google Scholar
[43] Mesin L, Merletti R, Rainoldi A. Surface EMG: the issue of electrode location. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009; 19: 719–726.10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.07.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[44] Muscle Bb. Idaho Sports Medicine Institute. http://idsportsmed.com/patient_education 2008. Accessed 20 November, 2012.Suche in Google Scholar
[45] Naito A. Electrophysiological studies of muscles in the human upper limb: the biceps brachii. Anat Sci Int 2004; 79: 11–20.10.1111/j.1447-073x.2004.00064.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[46] Ollivier K, Portero P, Maïsetti O, Hogrel J-Y. Repeatability of surface EMG parameters at various isometric contraction levels and during fatigue using bipolar and Laplacian electrode configurations. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2005; 15: 466–473.10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.01.004Suche in Google Scholar
[47] Östlund N, Gerdle B, Stefan Karlsson J. Location of innervation zone determined with multichannel surface electromyography using an optical flow technique. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007; 17: 549–555.10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.06.002Suche in Google Scholar
[48] Pallarés JG, López-Gullón JM, Torres-Bonete MD, Izquierdo M. Physical fitness factors to predict female Olympic wrestling performance and sex differences. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26: 794–803. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31824741e7.10.1519/JSC.0b013e31824741e7Suche in Google Scholar
[49] Pereira WM, Ferreira LAB, Rossi LP, et al. Influence of heat on fatigue and electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii muscle. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2011; 15: 478–484.10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.04.007Suche in Google Scholar
[50] Piitulainen H, Bottas R, Linnamo V, Komi P, Avela J. Effect of electrode location on surface electromyography changes due to eccentric elbow flexor exercise. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40: 617–625.10.1002/mus.21249Suche in Google Scholar
[51] Rai R, Ranade AV, Prabhu LV, Pai MM, Prakash. Third head of biceps brachii in an Indian population. Singapore Med J 2007; 48: 929–931.Suche in Google Scholar
[52] Rainoldi A, Galardi G, Maderna L, Comi G, Lo Conte L, Merletti R. Repeatability of surface EMG variables during voluntary isometric contractions of the biceps brachii muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1999; 9: 105–119.10.1016/S1050-6411(98)00042-XSuche in Google Scholar
[53] Rainoldi A, Nazzaro M, Merletti R, Farina D, Caruso I, Gaudenti S. Geometrical factors in surface EMG of the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2000; 10: 327–336.10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00024-9Suche in Google Scholar
[54] Riley ZA, Maerz AH, Litsey JC, Enoka RM. Motor unit recruitment in human biceps brachii during sustained voluntary contractions. J Physiol 2008; 586: 2183–2193.10.1113/jphysiol.2008.150698Suche in Google Scholar
[55] Sargon MF, Tuncali D, Çelik H. An unusual origin for the accessory head of biceps brachii muscle. Clin Anat 1996; 9: 160–162.10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1996)9:3<160::AID-CA4>3.0.CO;2-KSuche in Google Scholar
[56] Schmied A, Descarreaux M. Reliability of EMG determinism to detect changes in motor unit synchrony and coherence during submaximal contraction. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 196: 238–246.10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.005Suche in Google Scholar
[57] Segal RL, Wolf SL. Variability of human biceps brachii spinal stretch reflexes: control conditions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1993; 3: 24–32.10.1016/1050-6411(93)90020-WSuche in Google Scholar
[58] Silva DCdO, Silva Z, Sousa GdC, et al. Electromyographic evaluation of upper limb muscles involved in armwrestling sport simulation during dynamic and static conditions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009; 19: e448–e457.10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.09.014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[59] Soderberg GL, Cook TM. Electromyography in biomechanics. Phys Ther 1984; 64: 1813–1820.10.1093/ptj/64.12.1813Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[60] Solnik S, DeVita P, Grzegorczyk K, Koziatek A, Bober T. EMG frequency during isometric, submaximal activity: a statistical model for biceps brachii. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2010; 12: 21–28.Suche in Google Scholar
[61] Thompson LV. Effects of age and training on skeletal muscle physiology and performance. Phys Ther 1994; 74: 71–81.10.1093/ptj/74.1.71Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[62] Wang LH, Hong MK, Lin CY, Lo KC. How upper arm muscles pre-activity affects the competition results in arm wrestling. Biomechanics at the University of Oregon 2012: available from http://biomechanics.uoregon.edu/nwbs2012/ALL%20ABSTRACTS/Poster22.pdf. Accessed 18 September, 2012.Suche in Google Scholar
[63] Zileli R. The correlation between strength and anthropometric characteristics in arm wrestling athletes with performance. Online J Recreat Sport 2012; 1: 18–20.Suche in Google Scholar
[64] Zipp P. Recommendations for the standardization of lead positions in surface electromyography. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1982; 50: 41–54.10.1007/BF00952243Suche in Google Scholar
©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Special issue articles
- Editorial
- Bioresorbable implants
- Review
- Biological heart valves
- Laser microstructured biodegradable scaffolds
- In vivo degradation of magnesium alloy LA63 scaffolds for temporary stabilization of biological myocardial grafts in a swine model
- Implant-associated local drug delivery systems based on biodegradable polymers: customized designs for different medical applications
- Development of a sirolimus-eluting poly (l-lactide)/poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) absorbable stent for peripheral vascular intervention
- Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB): a new generation of resorbable medical devices for tissue repair and regeneration
- Heart valve engineering: decellularized allograft matrices in clinical practice
- Research Articles
- Effect of microthread design of dental implants on stress and strain patterns: a three-dimensional finite element analysis
- Construction and in vitro test of a new electrode for dentin resistance measurement
- Effects of anthropometric variables and electrode placement on the SEMG activity of the biceps brachii muscle during submaximal isometric contraction in arm wrestling
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Special issue articles
- Editorial
- Bioresorbable implants
- Review
- Biological heart valves
- Laser microstructured biodegradable scaffolds
- In vivo degradation of magnesium alloy LA63 scaffolds for temporary stabilization of biological myocardial grafts in a swine model
- Implant-associated local drug delivery systems based on biodegradable polymers: customized designs for different medical applications
- Development of a sirolimus-eluting poly (l-lactide)/poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) absorbable stent for peripheral vascular intervention
- Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB): a new generation of resorbable medical devices for tissue repair and regeneration
- Heart valve engineering: decellularized allograft matrices in clinical practice
- Research Articles
- Effect of microthread design of dental implants on stress and strain patterns: a three-dimensional finite element analysis
- Construction and in vitro test of a new electrode for dentin resistance measurement
- Effects of anthropometric variables and electrode placement on the SEMG activity of the biceps brachii muscle during submaximal isometric contraction in arm wrestling