Volume 98, Issue 2

Zusammenfassung: Der Aufsatz untersucht komparatistisch den Umgang mit ‚Mitleid‘ in den Gerichtshöfen der attischen Demokratie und der späten römischen Republik. Er zeigt diesbezüglich strukturelle Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede auf und interpretiert sie in ihrem politischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kontext.

Summary: Herodotus uses the adjective κίβδηλος only three times in order to refer to a misleading prophecy of the Delphic oracle. Once, that is the episode of the Spartan liberation of Athens from the tyrants (V, 91), the deceit is clear because we are told that the Pythia was corrupted. The other two occurrences, i. e. the prophecy the Spartans receive about the conquest of the Arcadia and the one that Croesus obtains about the Persians, are more problematic, but in both cases the expansionism of the characters have a catastrophic outcome. The analysis of the occurrences of κίβδηλος in previous, contemporary or slightly later texts shows the extremely negative meaning of this adjective: a fraudulent alteration of the reality is often implied. Traces of disillusion emerge from the narration: people that are anxious to possess always more and more clash with the intrigues of the Delphic god and are finally forced to face the difficulty to know in advance what only the experience can teach.

Zusammenfassung: Die Problematik, dass gleichzeitig stattfindende Ereignisse in Erzählungen nur sequentiell geschildert werden können, gehört zu einer der interessantesten Herausforderungen eines jeden Geschichtsschreibers. Allerdings wurde die Bedeutung dieser Frage erst explizit im Hellenismus diskutiert. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeichnet wichtige Entwicklungsstufen nach und erörtert dabei, inwiefern zeitgeschichtliche Umstände einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die jeweiligen Entscheidungen der antiken Historiographen ausübten, ihre Erzählung entweder in einer synchronen oder einer diachronen Narration zu gliedern.

Summary: The paper deals with the cults of Alexander the Great in the Greek cities of Asia Minor (on the coast and the nearby islands). The author argues that although some cults in these cities could be set up after the Macedonian king's death, at least most known to us (or supposed) cults of Alexander in them were instituted still in his lifetime, in all likelihood, in 324–323 BC. It seems that the cults of the king were established only in a certain, probably far from overwhelming, number of the Greek cities of Asia Minor in this period. In turn, it should be believed that the do ut des principle played an important role when these cities introduced such cults. At the same time, their institution was also caused by a sense of gratitude of the inhabitants of the Greek cities of Asia Minor to Alexander for the liberation of them from the unpopular power of both the Persians and the pro-Persian oligarchs or tyrants and, in addition, for those general and particular benefactions that were given by the Macedonian king to the communities.

Summary: Traditional concepts of ‚Romanization‘ prior to the Social War are currently meeting with growing criticism. Converging developments in Italy are no longer uniformly explained with deliberate Roman agency or an inescapably attractive Roman model. This context offers an intriguing framework for a renewed discussion of the ‚Latin Rights‘: while previously viewed as a major catalyst for legal and political integration, a recent study has argued that the Latins were barely ‚privileged‘ prior to ca. 125 BC, when the Romans radically changed their attitude to them, and the legal conditions accordingly. Responding to various criticisms, this article corroborates the paradigm shift and seeks to highlight further ramifications.

Resumen: El propósito del presente trabajo es evidenciar la necesidad de atribuir a Cesse / Tarraco un estatuto jurídico-administrativo privilegiado con anterioridad a la fundación cesariana de Colonia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco con la finalidad de conciliar, de una forma satisfactoria, morfología urbana, protagonismo histórico y romanización cultural. A la luz de las recientes publicaciones sobre la probable existencia de un amplio programa de colonización latina en Hispania en época republicana, se dan a conocer los resultados iniciales de investigación sobre un primer análisis de los indicios disponibles sobre la probable promoción de Cesse / Tarraco a colonia latina.

Summary: The aim of this study is to analyse the Roman-Parthian relations under Artabanos II and Tiberius, and the political role played by Armenia, focusing on the agreement between the Roman prince Germanicus and Artabanos II. A scrutiny of military and diplomatic measures taken by Rome, Parthia, and minor kings of Kappadokia, Pontos and Armenia suggests a new perspective of the Roman and Parthian policies towards Armenia under Tiberius and Artabanos II. Artabanos II's triumph over Vonones compelled Rome to revise her policy toward Parthia. Artabanos agreed on a compromise with the ruler of Kappadokia Archelaos, a Roman client king, that involved installing Archelaos' stepson, Zeno, on the throne of Armenia. Germanicus' intervention in Armenia in A.D. 18 led to the conclusion of a compromise settlement between Rome and the Parthians, securing over a decade of peace between the two powers. Zeno Artaxias' coronation at the hands of Germanicus was commemorated by the issue of a set of meaningful silver coins.

Summary: In 385 AD, Augusta Treverorum bore witness to the trial of Priscillian and a number of his followers. The cruel sentence failed to have the deterrent effect that the most fanatical representatives of Christian orthodoxy had expected: at that time a profound schism was affecting the churches of Hispania . It was at this time when Gallaecia became especially significant for the followers of the unfortunate Abulae episcopus , becoming the main bastion of Priscillianism in the known world. In this paper we explore the theories expounded by researchers to explain this unique phenomenon, scrutinising the available sources, analysing the known archaeological evidence that remains in modern-day Galicia, and finally we will present our own interpretation of the reasons that allowed Priscillianism to spread throughout Gallaecia in the latter part of the fourth century AD.

Zusammenfassung: Sein Fortgang aus Rom 385 n. Chr. veranlasste Hieronymus dazu, die Stadt Rom als neues Babylon zu stilisieren. Dass er solch eine apokalyptische Bildsprache keineswegs nur im Affekt wählte, möchte dieser Beitrag zeigen. Fünfundzwanzig Jahre später bot die Einnahme Roms durch Alarichs Truppen 410 n. Chr. Hieronymus die Möglichkeit, erneut und an verschiedenen Stellen über Rom zu schreiben: Diesmal nutzte er aber die Darstellung des Flavius Josephus über den Untergang Jerusalems als Vorlage, deren vielfältige intertextuelle biblische und klassische Bezüge der Kirchenvater meisterhaft zu analysieren wusste. Den Fall Roms stellte Hieronymus so in eine Reihe mit der theologischen Deutung der Zerstörung Jerusalems, die als göttliche Strafe für die Verfehlungen der Einwohner erfolgte, ebenso wie Rom für Hieronymus zeitlebens eine verfluchte Stadt bleiben sollte.

Zusammenfassung: Die Nordafrikanische Kirche hat sich sowohl während der Herrschaft der Vandalen als auch nach der Rückeroberung durch Ostrom als bemerkenswert widerstandsfähig erwiesen. So erfolgreich Iustinians Rückeroberung Nordafrikas daher auch gewesen sein mag, sein Versuch des Ausgleiches zwischen den tief gespaltenen Kirchen des miaphysitischen Ostens und des chalcedonensischen Westens, muss als gescheitert betrachtet werden. Als ein Beleg dafür lässt sich das ausgeprägte (theologische) Autonomiestreben der Kirche Nordafrikas heranziehen; weder vandalische Repressionen noch kaiserliches Engagement vermochten dieses „traditionelle Selbstvertrauen“ zu brechen.