Band 39, Heft 1 -

This paper investigates the impact of various parameters on the performance of inter-aircraft optical wireless communication (IaOWC) link. Also, an improved performance analysis of a 2.5 Gbps IaOWC link using an array of photodetectors at the receiver terminal has been reported. The results show an increase in the SNR and total power of the received signal at a link distance of 100 km by deploying a photodetector array at the receiver terminal.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel scheme to generate a flat and stable optical frequency comb by using recirculation frequency shifter (RFS) loop and polarization-modulator based single-side-band modulator (PSSBM). An ultra-flat 5-carriers generated by a polarization modulator is set as the seed light source of the recirculating loop, and the recirculation times is greatly reduced compared with the regular scheme based on RFS. Through theoretical analysis and experiment simulations, it is shown that the optical frequency comb of high quality with 50 spectral lines and the flatness fluctuation of less than 1 dB can be achieved.

Now a day’s photonic crystals (PhCs) are in trends for designing of various integrated circuits like combinational and sequential circuits. The designing of all-optical half adder circuit based on beam interference principle, using T-shaped square lattice with silica dielectric rods in air background, is proposed. This design is a combination of two structures: one part of it works as AND gate and other part works as XOR gate. This structure is simulated using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and verified numerically using PWE band solver and also using MATLAB.

Maximal multicast stream algorithm based on network coding (NC) can improve the network’s throughput for wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks, which however is far less than the network’s maximal throughput in terms of theory. And the existing multicast stream algorithms do not give the information distribution pattern and routing in the meantime. In the paper, an improved genetic algorithm is brought forward to maximize the optical multicast throughput by NC and to determine the multicast stream distribution by hybrid chromosomes construction for multicast with single source and multiple destinations. The proposed hybrid chromosomes are constructed by the binary chromosomes and integer chromosomes, while the binary chromosomes represent optical multicast routing and the integer chromosomes indicate the multicast stream distribution. A fitness function is designed to guarantee that each destination can receive the maximum number of decoding multicast streams. The simulation results showed that the proposed method is far superior over the typical maximal multicast stream algorithms based on NC in terms of network throughput in WDM networks.

Microwave photonics system provides high bandwidth capabilities of fiber optic systems and also contains the ability to provide interconnect transmission properties, which are virtually independent of length. The low-loss wide bandwidth capability of optoelectronic systems makes them attractive for the transmission and processing of microwave signals, while the development of high-capacity optical communication systems has required the use of microwave techniques in optical transmitters and receivers. These two strands have led to the development of the research area of microwave photonics. So, we can considered microwave photonics as the field that studies the interaction between microwave and optical waves for applications such as communications, radars, sensors and instrumentations. In this paper we have thoroughly reviewed the microwave generation techniques by using photonics technology.

The challenge in the free-space optical (FSO) communication is the propagation of optical signal through different atmospheric conditions such as rain, snow and fog. In this paper, an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing technique (OFDM) is proposed in the FSO communication system. Meanwhile, considering the rain attenuation models based on Marshal & Palmer and Carbonneau models, the performance of FSO communication system based on the OFDM is evaluated under the heavy-rain condition in Changsha, China. The simulation results show that, under a heavy-rainfall condition of 106.18 mm/h, with an attenuation factor of 7 dB/km based on the Marshal & Palmer model, the bit rate of 2.5 and 4.0 Gbps data can be transmitted over the FSO channels of 1.6 and 1.3 km, respectively, and the bit error rate of less than 1E − 4 can be achieved. In addition, the effect on rain attenuation over the FSO communication system based on the Marshal & Palmer model is less than that of the Carbonneau model.

In this paper, the bi-orthogonal symbol mapping and detection scheme is investigated in time-spreading wavelength-hopping optical CDMA communication system. The carrier-hopping prime code is exploited as signature sequence, whose put-of-phase autocorrelation is zero. Based on the orthogonality of carrier-hopping prime code, the equal weight orthogonal signaling scheme can be constructed, and the proposed scheme using bi-orthogonal symbol mapping and detection can be developed. The transmitted binary data bits are mapped into corresponding bi-orthogonal symbols, where the orthogonal matrix code and its complement are utilized. In the receiver, the received bi-orthogonal data symbol is fed into the maximum likelihood decoder for detection. Under such symbol mapping and detection, the proposed scheme can greatly enlarge the Euclidean distance; hence, the system performance can be drastically improved.

Free-space optical (FSO) communication has the advantages of two of the most predominant data transmission technologies – optical fiber communication and wireless communication. Most of the technical aspects of FSO are similar to that of optical fiber communication, with major difference in the information signal propagation medium which is free space in case of FSO rather than silica glass in optical fiber communication. One of the most important applications of FSO is inter-satellite optical wireless communication (IsOWC) links which will be deployed in the future in space. The IsOWC links have many advantages over the previously existing microwave satellite communication technologies such as higher bandwidth, lower power consumption, low cost of implementation, light size, and weight. In this paper, modeling and performance analysis of a 10-Gbps inter-satellite communication link with two satellites separated at a distance of 1,200 km has been done using OPTISYSTEM simulation software. Performance has been analyzed on the basis of quality factor, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and total power of the received signal.

In the current context of high-altitude platform communication system, inter-satellite communication is remarkable and highly effective. The present work aims to develop an integrated data transmission system incorporating alternate mark inversion, wavelength-division multiplexing, and polarization interleaving scheme for transmitting data of eight channels, each carrying 20 Gbps data over inter-satellite link of 5,000 km. The performance of the integrated data transmission of 160 Gbps data up to 5,000 km will be evaluated by means of signal-to-noise ratio, total received power, and eye diagram.

We investigate the error performance of an earth-to-satellite free space optical uplink using transmitter spatial diversity in presence of turbulence and weather conditions, using gamma–gamma distribution and Beer–Lambert law, respectively, for on–off keying (OOK), M -ary pulse position modulation ( M -PPM) and M -ary differential PPM ( M -DPPM) schemes. Weather conditions such as moderate, light and thin fog cause additional degradation, while dense or thick fog and clouds may lead to link failure. The bit error rate reduces with increase in the number of transmitters for all the schemes. However, beyond a certain number of transmitters, the reduction becomes marginal. Diversity gain remains almost constant for various weather conditions but increases with increase in ground-level turbulence or zenith angle. Further, the number of transmitters required to improve the performance to a desired level is less for M -PPM scheme than M-DPPM and OOK schemes.

A fast channel modeling method is studied to solve the problem of reflection channel gain for multiple input multiple output-visible light communications (MIMO-VLC) in the paper. For reducing the computational complexity when associating with the reflection times, no more than 3 reflections are taken into consideration in VLC. We think that higher order reflection link consists of corresponding many times line of sight link and firstly present reflection residual component to characterize higher reflection (more than 2 reflections). We perform computer simulation results for point-to-point channel impulse response, receiving optical power and receiving signal to noise ratio. Based on theoretical analysis and simulation results, the proposed method can effectively reduce the computational complexity of higher order reflection in channel modeling.

This paper successfully demonstrate point-to-point (P2P) 2.5 TB/s DWDM system in downstream for 100 wavelengths having 0.4 nm (50 GHz) channel spacing by using post-dispersion compensation scheme. Each channel is transmitting 25 GB/s data rate in down link. A 20 km dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) followed by 80 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) which passes 20 times through fiber span for compensating the chromatic dispersion. The maximum reach of designed system is (100×20) 2,000 km. In this paper we also performed the comparison of different modulation formats such as NRZ, RZ and CRZ. It has been observed that CRZ modulation format can achieve BER as better as e −9 for each channel, which gives best performance. The performance of designed system is compared in terms of Q-factor, eye diagrams and BER.

Inter-Satellite communication is one of remarkable technologies that can be used to communicate between satellites. This work is focused to carry out the investigations of polarization scheme by incorporating dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) scheme in inter-satellite communication system. A 20×6 Gbps data are transported over inter-satellite optical link having span of 5,000 km to realize the total data transmission of 120 Gbps. Moreover, results are also reported with the effect of RZ and NRZ modulation schemes. The performance of proposed inter-satellite communication link is measured in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, received power and eye diagrams.

In this paper, the end-to-end performance of free-space optical (FSO) communication system combining with Amplify-and-Forward (AF)-assisted or fixed-gain relaying technology using subcarrier quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) over weak atmospheric turbulence channels modeled by log-normal distribution with pointing error impairments is studied. More specifically, unlike previous studies on AF relaying FSO communication systems without pointing error effects; the pointing error effect is studied by taking into account the influence of beamwidth, aperture size and jitter variance. In addition, a combination of these models to analyze the combined effect of atmospheric turbulence and pointing error to AF relaying FSO/SC-QAM systems is used. Finally, an analytical expression is derived to evaluate the average symbol error rate (ASER) performance of such systems. The numerical results show that the impact of pointing error on the performance of AF relaying FSO/SC-QAM systems and how we use proper values of aperture size and beamwidth to improve the performance of such systems. Some analytical results are confirmed by Monte-Carlo simulations.

In this paper, the optimization tool based on Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to improve the different parameters such as the Attenuation and backscatter coefficients of single mode optical fibre (SMF) is proposed. The method of experimental study which is based on the use of an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) to measure and locate different events that occur in an optical fibre in real time is exploited. The experimental results have been compared with theoretical results in order to validate the proposed methods of modelling.

Optical wireless communication (OWC) systems also known as Free space optics (FSO) are capable of providing high channel bandwidth, high data transmission rates, low power consumption, and high security. OWC links are being considered in different applications such as inter-satellite links, terrestrial links, and inter-aircraft communication links. This paper investigates the impact of different system parameters such as transmission power level, operating wavelength, transmitter pointing error angle, bit transmission rate, atmospheric attenuation, antenna aperture diameter, geometric losses, the responsivity of the photodetector, and link range on the performance of inter-aircraft optical wireless communication link.

The lack of regeneration in all optical networks makes the data susceptible to network malfunctions, misconfigurations and signal impairments. As most of the effects are additive in nature, the signal quality is degraded by the time it reaches at the destination end making optical monitors installation a need of the day to maintain the service-level agreements for the end users. The physical layer impairments that need to be monitored are broadly classified as linear and nonlinear impairments. As the nonlinear impairments depends on the network state, it is difficult to preestimate them, while linear impairments can be easily determined from the type of fiber, wavelength/waveband, amplifier and environmental conditions. Among the linear impairments, dispersion, amplified spontaneous emission noise and attenuation are more dominating. In the present work, an effort is given to study the impact of dispersion on system quality, quantified through bit error rate (BER) and Q -value. Eye diagrams obtained at the receiver end are used for calculating system response. The curves obtained for BER and Q -value are further processed for curve fitting and suitable fifth-order polynomial equation is calculated representing the system response. Implementation of this equation in routing applications is discussed.

Inter-satellite communication is one of the revolutionary techniques that can be used to transmit the high speed date between satellites. However, space turbulences such as transmitting pointing errors play a significant role while designing inter-satellite communication systems. Those turbulences cause shutdown of inter-satellite link due to increase of attenuation during data transmission through link. The present work aims to develop an integrated data transmission system incorporating alternate mark inversion (AMI), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and polarization interleaving (PI) scheme for transmitting data 160 Gbps over inter-satellite link of 1,000 km under the influence of space turbulences. The performance of the integrated data transmission of 160 Gbps data up to 1,000 km will be evaluated under the influence of space turbulences by means of signal to noise ratio (SNR), total received power, bit error rate and eye diagram.

A novel technique is proposed for optical frequency comb generation with a budget friendly system. A Mach-Zehnder modulator is used in connectivity with continuous wave optical signal which is filtered by rectangle optical filter and the signal is then amplified by erbium-doped fiber amplifier. With a frequency spacing of 10 GHz 33 useable OFC lines were generated with good tone to noise ratio which is quite impressive for such a cost effective setup. Each generated carrier carries differential phase shift keying based data of 10 Gbps. A total of 330 Gbps multiplexed data is successfully transmitted through a standard single mode fiber length of 25-km. During the downlink transmission the power penalties are observed to be negligible. The resulted eye diagrams are wide and promises to be a good system for wavelength division multiplexed-passive optical network.