Review of Microwave Photonics Technique to Generate the Microwave Signal by Using Photonics Technology
-
Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi
and
Akash Srivastav
Abstract
Microwave photonics system provides high bandwidth capabilities of fiber optic systems and also contains the ability to provide interconnect transmission properties, which are virtually independent of length. The low-loss wide bandwidth capability of optoelectronic systems makes them attractive for the transmission and processing of microwave signals, while the development of high-capacity optical communication systems has required the use of microwave techniques in optical transmitters and receivers. These two strands have led to the development of the research area of microwave photonics. So, we can considered microwave photonics as the field that studies the interaction between microwave and optical waves for applications such as communications, radars, sensors and instrumentations. In this paper we have thoroughly reviewed the microwave generation techniques by using photonics technology.
Acknowledgment
Authors are thankful to Satellite Application Center (SAC), ISRO, Ahmedabad, India for sponsoring this project. The proposed work is carried out under the project number-ISRO/RES/4/617/2014-15 dated September 1, 2014 entitled “Photonic Microwave Arbitrary Waveform Generation with Adjustable Chirp Parameter based on Remote Sensing Applications” under taken by Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi and Dr. Raghvendra Kumar Chaudhary.
References
1. Seeds A. Microwave photonics. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 2002 Mar;50(3):877–87.10.1109/22.989971Search in Google Scholar
2. Yao JP. Microwave photonics. J Lightwave Technology 2009 Feb;27(3):314–35.10.1109/JLT.2008.2009551Search in Google Scholar
3. Capmany J, Ortega B, Pastor D. A tutorial on microwave photonic filters. J Lightwave Technol 2006 Jan;24(1):201–29.10.1109/JLT.2005.860478Search in Google Scholar
4. Yao JP. Photonics for ultra wideband communications. In IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2009 Jun:82–95.10.1109/MMM.2009.932287Search in Google Scholar
5. Capmany J, et al. See special Technology Focus on Microwave Photonics. Nature Photonics 2011;1:723–36.Search in Google Scholar
6. Copper AJ. Fibre/Radio for the provision of cordless/mobile telephony services in the access network. Electron Lett 1990;26(24):2054–6.10.1049/el:19901325Search in Google Scholar
7. Seeds AJ. Broadband wireless access using millimeter-wave over fiber systems. In IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp, 1997, paper TU1B-1:23–5.Search in Google Scholar
8. Braun RP, Grosskopf G, Rohde D, Schmidt F. Optical millimeter-wave generation and transmission experiments for mobile 60 GHz band communications. Electron Lett 1996;32(7):626–8.10.1049/el:19960447Search in Google Scholar
9. Ogawa H, Polifko D, Bamba S. Millimeter-wave fiber optics system for personal radio communication. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 1992 Dec;40(12):2285–93.10.1109/22.179892Search in Google Scholar
10. Noel L, Wake D, Moodie DG, Marcenac DD, Westbrook LD, Nesset D. Novel techniques for high capacity 60 GHz fiber-radio transmission systems. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 1997 Aug;45(8):1416–23.10.1109/22.618445Search in Google Scholar
11. Schmuck H. Comparison of optical millimeter-wave system concepts regard to chromatic dispersion. Electron Lett 1995;31(21):1848–9.10.1049/el:19951281Search in Google Scholar
12. Gliese U, Norskov S, Nielsen TN. Chromatic dispersion in fiber-optic microwave and millimeter wave links. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 1996 Oct;44(10):1716–24.10.1109/22.538964Search in Google Scholar
13. Smith GH, Novak D, Ahmed Z. Overcoming chromatic-dispersion effects in fibre-wireless systems incorporating external modulators. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 1997 Aug;45(8):1410–15.10.1109/22.618444Search in Google Scholar
14. Hofstetter R, Schmuck H, Heidemann R. Dispersion effects in optical millimeter-wave systems using self-heterodyne method for transport and generation. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 1995 Sept;43(9):2263–9.10.1109/22.414574Search in Google Scholar
15. Goldberg L, Taylor HF, Weller JF, Bloom DM. Microwave signal generation with injection locked laser diodes. Electron Lett 1983;19(15):491–3.10.1049/el:19830333Search in Google Scholar
16. Jung T, Shen JL, Tong DTK, Murthy S, Wu MC, Ek TT, et al. CW injection locking of a mode-locked semiconductor laser as alocal oscillator comb for channelizing broad-band RF signals. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 1999 Sept;47(7):1225–32.10.1109/22.775461Search in Google Scholar
17. Ramos T, Seeds AJ. Fast heterodyne optical phase lock loop using double quantum well laser diodes. Electron Lett 1992;28(1):82–3.10.1049/el:19920050Search in Google Scholar
18. Hyodo M, Abedin KS, Ododera N. High purity, opto electronic millimeter-wave signal generation by heterodyne optical phase locking of external-cavity semiconductor lasers Laser Electro-optics Eur., Sept. 10–15, 2000, Paper CTuP2.Search in Google Scholar
19. Timofeev FN, Bennett S, Griffin R, Bayvel P, Seeds AJ, Wyatt R, et al. High spectral purity millimeter-wave modulated optical signal generation using fiber grating lasers. Electron Lett 1998 Apr;34(7):668–9.10.1049/el:19980454Search in Google Scholar
20. Singh M, Raghuwanshi SK. Impact of higher order dispersion on photonically assisted optical millimeter-wave generated using dual parallel electro-optic modulators. Curr Appl Phys 2014 Nov 5;14:1837–44.10.1016/j.cap.2014.10.003Search in Google Scholar
21. Singh M, Raghuwanshi SK. Microwave generation analysis with higher order dispersion in two cascaded Mach Zehnder modulator. Optik 2014;125:761–71.10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.07.038Search in Google Scholar
22. Singh M, Raghuwanshi SK. Effect of higher order dispersion parameters on optical millimeter-wave generation using three parallel external optical modulator. J Appl Phys 2015;117:023116. doi:10.1063/1.4906030.Search in Google Scholar
23. Singh M, Raghuwanshi SK. Influence of chromatic dispersion, dispersion slop, dispersion curvature on microwave generation. ICTACT J Commun Technol 2013 Mar;4(1):675–84.10.21917/ijct.2013.0096Search in Google Scholar
24. Marshall WK, Crosignani B, Yariv A. Laser phase noise to intensity noise conversion by lowest-order group-velocity dispersion in optical fiber: Exact theory. Opt Lett 2000;25(3):165–7.10.1364/OL.25.000165Search in Google Scholar
25. Kumar A, Raghuwanshi SK. Implementation of optical gray code converter and even parity checker using the electro-optic effect in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Opt Quant Electron 2014 Dec. doi:10.1007/s11082-014-0087-9.Search in Google Scholar
26. Singh M, Raghuwanshi SK. Impact of dispersion order on optical millimetre-wave generation based on series optical external modulators without an optical filter. Opt Appl 2015;44(2):215–26.Search in Google Scholar
27. Kumar A, Raghuwanshi SK. Realization of optical digital magnitude comparator using electro- optic effect based cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure. J Nanoelectron Optoelectron 2015;10:1–10.10.1166/jno.2015.1838Search in Google Scholar
28. Singh M, Raghuwanshi SK. Effect of higher order dispersion parameters on optical millimeter wave generation using three parallel external optical modulators. J Appl Phys 2015;117:023116.10.1063/1.4906030Search in Google Scholar
29. Kumar A, Raghuwanshi SK. Electro-optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer based Optical Digital Magnitude Comparator and 1’s Complement Calculator. J Opt Commun 2015 Sept. doi:10.1515/joc-2015-0028. ISSN (Online) 2191–6322, ISSN (Print) 0173–4911.Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Detectors
- Enhanced Performance Analysis of Inter-aircraft Optical Wireless Communication Link Using Array of Photodetectors
- Devices
- Very Flat Optical Frequency Comb Generation based on Polarization Modulator and Recirculation Frequency Shifter
- All-Optical Half-Adder Circuit Based on Beam Interference Principle of Photonic Crystal
- Networks
- Maximization Network Throughput Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm and Network Coding for Optical Multicast Networks
- Systems
- Review of Microwave Photonics Technique to Generate the Microwave Signal by Using Photonics Technology
- Performance Investigation of FSO–OFDM Communication Systems under the Heavy Rain Weather
- Bi-orthogonal Symbol Mapping and Detection in Optical CDMA Communication System
- Modeling and Performance Analysis of 10 Gbps Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Communication Link
- High-speed and Long-reach Hybrid AMI–WDM–PI Inter-satellite Communication System
- Transmitter Spatial Diversity for FSO Uplink in Presence of Atmospheric Turbulence and Weather Conditions for Different IM Schemes
- Channel Model Optimization with Reflection Residual Component for Indoor MIMO-VLC System
- Performance Enhancement of Ultra High Capacity 2.5 Tbps DWDM System Using DCF and Optimized Modulation Format
- High Speed Inter-Satellite Communication System by Incorporating Hybrid Polarization-Wavelength Division Multiplexing Scheme
- Performance Analysis of Amplify-and-Forward Relaying FSO/SC-QAM Systems over Weak Turbulence Channels and Pointing Error Impairments
- Optimizing Parameters of an Optical Link by Using Genetic Algorithms
- Impact of Various Parameters on the Performance of Inter-aircraft Optical Wireless Communication Link
- Theory
- A Unified Approach for Calculating Error Rates of 10 Gbps WDM Network in Presence of Higher Order Dispersion
- Influence of Transmitting Pointing Errors on High Speed WDM-AMI-Is-OWC Transmission System
- Lasers
- Generation of Flattened Multicarrier Signals from a Single Laser Source for 330 Gbps WDM-PON Transmission over 25 km SSMF
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Detectors
- Enhanced Performance Analysis of Inter-aircraft Optical Wireless Communication Link Using Array of Photodetectors
- Devices
- Very Flat Optical Frequency Comb Generation based on Polarization Modulator and Recirculation Frequency Shifter
- All-Optical Half-Adder Circuit Based on Beam Interference Principle of Photonic Crystal
- Networks
- Maximization Network Throughput Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm and Network Coding for Optical Multicast Networks
- Systems
- Review of Microwave Photonics Technique to Generate the Microwave Signal by Using Photonics Technology
- Performance Investigation of FSO–OFDM Communication Systems under the Heavy Rain Weather
- Bi-orthogonal Symbol Mapping and Detection in Optical CDMA Communication System
- Modeling and Performance Analysis of 10 Gbps Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Communication Link
- High-speed and Long-reach Hybrid AMI–WDM–PI Inter-satellite Communication System
- Transmitter Spatial Diversity for FSO Uplink in Presence of Atmospheric Turbulence and Weather Conditions for Different IM Schemes
- Channel Model Optimization with Reflection Residual Component for Indoor MIMO-VLC System
- Performance Enhancement of Ultra High Capacity 2.5 Tbps DWDM System Using DCF and Optimized Modulation Format
- High Speed Inter-Satellite Communication System by Incorporating Hybrid Polarization-Wavelength Division Multiplexing Scheme
- Performance Analysis of Amplify-and-Forward Relaying FSO/SC-QAM Systems over Weak Turbulence Channels and Pointing Error Impairments
- Optimizing Parameters of an Optical Link by Using Genetic Algorithms
- Impact of Various Parameters on the Performance of Inter-aircraft Optical Wireless Communication Link
- Theory
- A Unified Approach for Calculating Error Rates of 10 Gbps WDM Network in Presence of Higher Order Dispersion
- Influence of Transmitting Pointing Errors on High Speed WDM-AMI-Is-OWC Transmission System
- Lasers
- Generation of Flattened Multicarrier Signals from a Single Laser Source for 330 Gbps WDM-PON Transmission over 25 km SSMF
