124I production for PET imaging at a cyclotron
-
M. Sadeghi
, M. Enferadi and 1. Ensaf
Abstract
We here present a method for the production of Iodine-124 using a cyclotron. With this method, it will be possible to produce clinically relevant amounts of 124I with high chemical and radionuclidic purity for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The electroplated TeO2 targets were irradiated with 29.5 MeV protons at current of 39.5 μA for 3.8 h. The separation of the produced Iodine activity from the bulk target material was performed by ion exchange chromatography method. 124I positron emitter excitation functions via 124Te(p,n)124I, 125Te(p,2n)124I, 126Te(p,3n)124I, 124Te(d,2n)124I, 121Sb(a,n)124I and natTe(p,xn)124I reactions were calculated by ALICE/ASH 0.1 (GDH Model & Hybrid Model) and TALYS-1.2 codes and compared to existing data. Theoretical calculation of production yield and calculation of target thickness requirement were obtained by TALYS-1.2 and SRIM codes for each reaction.
Kurzfassung
Es wird eine Methode beschrieben für die Produktion von Iod-124 mit Hilfe eines Zyklotrons. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode wird es möglich sein klinisch relevante Mengen Iod-124 mit hoher chemischer Reinheit und Radionuklidreinheit für diagnostische und therapeutische Anwendungen zu erzeugen. TeO2 Targets wurden mit 29.5 MeV Protonen bei Strömen von 39.5 μA für 3.8 h bestrahlt. Die Abtrennung der erzeugten Iod Aktivität vom Targetmaterial erfolgte mit Hilfe der Ionentauscher-Chromatographiemethode. Die 124I Positronenemitteranregungsfunktionen via 124Te(p,n)124I, 125Te(p,2n)124I, 126Te(p,3n)124I, 124Te(d,2n)124I, 121Sb(a,n)124I and natTe(p,xn)124I Reactionen wurden mit Hilfe der ALICE/ASH 0.1 (GDH Model & Hybrid Model) und TALYS-1.2 Codes berechnet und mit vorhandenen Daten verglichen. Die theoretische Berechnung der Produktionsausbeute und die Berechnung der erforderlichen Targetdicke wurde mit Hilfe des ALYS-1.2 und des SRIM Codes für jede Reaktion durchgeführt.
References
1 Frey, P.; Townsend, D.; Flattet, A.; DeGautard, R.; Widgren, S.; Jeavons, A.; Christin, A.; Smith, A.; Long, A.; Donath, A.: Tomographic imaging of the human thyroid using 124I. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.63 (1986) 91810.1210/jcem-63-4-918Search in Google Scholar
2 Pentlow, K. S.; Graham, M. C.; Lambrecht, R. M.; Daghighian, F.; Bacharach, S. L.; Bendriem, B.; et al.: Quantitative imaging of iodine-124 with PET. J. Nucl. Med.37 (1996) 1557Search in Google Scholar
3 Erdi, Y. E.; Macapinlac, H.; Larson, S. M.; Erdi, A. K.; Yeung, H.; Furhang, E. E.; et al.: Radiation dose assessment for I-131 therapy of thyroid cancer using I-124 PET imaging. Clin. Positron. Imaging. 2 (1999) 4110.1016/S1095-0397(99)00004-7Search in Google Scholar
4 Crawford, D. C.; Flower, M. A.; Pratt, B. E.; Hill, C.; Zweit, J.; McCready, V. R.; et al.: Thyroid volume measurement in thyrotoxic patients: Comparison between ultrasonography and iodine-124 positron emission tomography. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.24 (1997) 147010.1007/s002590050176Search in Google Scholar
5 Eschmann, S. M.; Reischl, G.; Bilger, K.; Kupferschlager, J.; Thelen, M. H.; Dohmen, B. M.; et al.: Evaluation of dosimetry of radioiodine therapy in benign and malignant thyroid disorders by means of iodine-124 and PET. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging29 (2002) 76010.1007/s00259-002-0775-8Search in Google Scholar
6 Nayak, T. K.; Brechbiel, M. W.: Radioimmunoimaging with longer-lived positron-emitting radionuclides: potentials and challenges. Bioconjugate Chem.20 (2009) 82510.1021/bc800299fSearch in Google Scholar
7 Tolmachev, V.; Stone-Elander, S.: Radiolabelled proteins for positron emission tomography: pros and cons of labelling methods. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1800 (2010) 48710.1016/j.bbagen.2010.02.002Search in Google Scholar
8 Larson, S. M.; Pentlow, K. S.; Volkow, N. D.; Wolf, A. P.; Finn, R. D.; Lambrecht, R.M.; et al.: PET scanning of iodine-124-3F9 as an approach to tumor dosimetry during treatment planning for radioimmunotherapy in a child with neuroblastoma. J. Nucl. Med.33 (1992) 2020Search in Google Scholar
9 Daghighian, F.; Pentlow, K. S.; Larson, S. M.; Graham, M. C.; Di Resta, G. R.; Yeh, S. D. J.; Macapinlac, H.; Finn, R. D.; Arbit, E.; Cheung, N. K. V.: Development of a method to measure kinetics of radiolabelled monoclonal antibody in human tumour with applications to microdosimetry: Positron emission tomography studies in Iodine-124 labelled 3F8 monoclonal antibody in glioma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.20 (1993) 40210.1007/BF00208998Search in Google Scholar
10 Bading, J. R.; Hörling, M.; Williams, L. E.; Colcher, D.; Raubitschek, A.; Strand, S. E.: Quantitative serial imaging of an 124I anti-CEA monoclonal antibody in tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.23 (2008) 39910.1089/cbr.2007.0457Search in Google Scholar
11 Pressman, D.: The zone of localization of antibodies; the specific localization of antibodies to rat kidney. Cancer2 (1949) 69710.1002/1097-0142(194907)2:4<697::AID-CNCR2820020416>3.0.CO;2-#Search in Google Scholar
12 Yalow, R. S.; Berson, S. A.: Assay of plasma insulin in human subjects by immunological methods. Nature184 (1959) 164810.1038/1841648b0Search in Google Scholar
13 Blasberg, R. G.; Roelcke, U.; Weinreich, R.; BeattieB.; Von AmmonK.; YonekawaY. et al.: Imaging brain tumor proliferative activity with [124I]iododeoxyuridine. Cancer Res.60 (2000) 624Search in Google Scholar
14 Iozzo, P.; Osman, S.; Glaser, M.; Knickmeier, M.; Ferrannini, E.; PikeV, W.; et al.: In vivo imaging of insulin receptors by PET: preclinical evaluation of iodine-125 and iodine-124 labelled human insulin. Nucl. Med. Biol.29 (2002) 7310.1016/S0969-8051(01)00286-4Search in Google Scholar
15 Dekker, B.; Keen, H.; Lyons, S.; Disley, L.; Hastings, D.; Reader, A.; et al.: MBP-annexin V radiolabeled directly with iodine-124 can be used to image apoptosis in vivo using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol.32 (2005) 24110.1016/j.nucmedbio.2004.11.006Search in Google Scholar
16 Bockisch, A.; Freudenberg, L.; Rosenbaum, S.; Jentzen, W.: 124I in PET imaging: impact on quantification, radiopharmaceutical development and distribution. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 33 (2006) 124710.1007/s00259-006-0208-1Search in Google Scholar
17 Gregory, R.A.; Hooker, C. A.; Partridge, M.; Flux, G. D.: Optimization and assessment of quantitative 124I imaging on a Philips Gemini dual GS PET/CT system. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging36 (2009) 103710.1007/s00259-009-1099-8Search in Google Scholar
18 Qaim, S. M.; Hohn, A.; Bastian, T.; El–Azoney, K. M.; Blessing, G.; Spellerberg, S.; Scholten, B.; Coenen, H. H.: Some optimisation studies relevant to the production of high-purity 124I and 120gI at a small-sized cyclotron. Appl. Radiat. Isot.58 (2003) 6910.1016/S0969-8043(02)00226-9Search in Google Scholar
19 Blann, M.: ALICE-91, Statistical model code system with fission competition, RSIC code, PACKAGE PSR-146 (1991)Search in Google Scholar
20 Broeders, C. H. M.; Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, A. Yu.; Lunev, V. P.; Blann, M.: ALICE/ASH–Pre-compound and evaporation model code system for calculation of excitation functions, energy and angular distributions of emitted particles in nuclear reaction at intermediate energies, FZK-7183 (2006) http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/berichte/FZKA7183.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
21 Koning, A.J.; Hilaire, S.; Duijvestijn, M.: TALYS-1.2 A nuclear reaction program, User manual. NRG, Netherlands (2009)Search in Google Scholar
22 Experimental Nuclear Reaction Datahttp://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/exfor.htmSearch in Google Scholar
23 Sadeghi, M.; Ghanbarzadeh, A.; Enferadi, M.: Nuclear data for cyclotron production of 114mIn/114In and 140Nd/140Pr used in gamma camera monitoring, RIT, ERT and PET. Kerntechnik. 6 (2010) 363Search in Google Scholar
24 Sadeghi, M.; Alipoor, Z.; Kakavand, T.: Nuclear model calculation on charged particle induced reactions to produce 85Sr for diagnostic and endotherapy, Kerntechnik5 (2010) 263Search in Google Scholar
25 Sadeghi, M.; Dastan, M.; Ensaf, M. R.; Abaspour Tehrani, A.; Tenreiro, C.; Avila, M.: Thick tellurium electrodeposition on nickel-coated copper substrate for 124I production. Appl. Radiat. Isot.66 (2008) 128110.1016/j.apradiso.2008.02.082Search in Google Scholar PubMed
26 Sadeghi, M., Enferadi, M., Aboudzadeh, M. R., Sarabadani, P.: Production of 122Sb for the study of environmental pollution. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.287 (2011) 585 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0786-z10.1007/s10967-010-0786-zSearch in Google Scholar
27 Sadeghi, M.; Kakavand, T.; Taghilo, M.: Targetry of Y2O3 on a copper substrate for the non-carrier-added 89Zr production via 89Y(p, n)89Zr reaction. Kerntechnik5 (2010) 298Search in Google Scholar
28 Nye, J. A.; Avila-Rodriguez, M. A.; Nickles, R. J.: A new binary compound for the production of 124I via the 124Te(p, n)124I reaction. Appl. Radiat. Isot.. 65 (2007) 40710.1016/j.apradiso.2006.10.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed
29 El-Azony, K. M.; Qaim, S. M.: Anion-exchange and solvent extraction studies on the separation of radioiodine with particular reference to the production of 123I via proton irradiation of 123Te metal target. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.275 (2008) 27510.1007/s10967-007-7036-7Search in Google Scholar
30 Al-Yanbawi, S.; Al Jammaz, I.: Standardized high current solid tellurium-124 target for cyclotron production of the radionuclides iodine-123, 124. Radiochim Acta95 (2007) 65710.1524/ract.2007.95.11.657Search in Google Scholar
31 Ziegler, J. F.; Biersack, J. P.; Littmark, U.: The stopping and range of ions in mater, SRIM code, USA, (2006)Search in Google Scholar
32 Hohn, A.; Nortier, F. M.; Scholten, B.; van der Walt, T. N.; Coenen, H. H.; Qaim, S. M.: Excitation functions of 125Te(p, xn)-reactions from their respective thresholds up to 100 MeV with special reference to the production of 124I. Appl Radiat Isot. 55 (2001) 14910.1016/S0969-8043(00)00388-2Search in Google Scholar
33 Sajjad, M.; Bars, E.; Nabi, H. A.: Optimization of 124I production via 124Te(p, n)124I reaction. Appl. Radiat. Isot.. 64 (2006) 96510.1016/j.apradiso.2006.04.004Search in Google Scholar
34 Tang, L.: Radionuclide production and yields at Washington University school of medicine. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging52 (2007) 122Search in Google Scholar
35 Kondo, K.; LambrechtR.M.; Wolf, A. P.: Iodine-123 production for radiopharmaceuticals—-XX excitation functions of the 124Te(p,2n)123I and 124Te(p, n)124I reactions and the effect of target enrichment on radionuclidic purity. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.28 (1977) 39510.1016/0020-708X(77)90132-6Search in Google Scholar
36 Kondo, K.; Lambrecht, R. M.; Norton, E. F.; Wolf, A. P.: Cyclotron isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals–XXII. Improved targetry and radiochemistry for production of 123I and 124I. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.28 (1977) 76510.1016/0020-708X(77)90107-7Search in Google Scholar
37 Király, B.; Tárkányi,F.; Takács,S.; Kovács,Z.: Excitation functions of proton induced nuclear reactions on natural tellurium up to 18 MeV for validation of isotopic cross sections. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.270 (2006) 36910.1007/s10967-006-0359-3Search in Google Scholar
38 Aslam, M. N.; Sudár, S.; Hussain, M.; Malik, A. A.; Shah, H. A.; Qaim, S. M.: Evaluation of excitation functions of proton and deuteron induced reactions on enriched tellurium isotopes with special relevance to the production of iodine-124. Appl. Radiat. Isot.68 (2010) 176010.1016/j.apradiso.2010.03.004Search in Google Scholar
39 El-Azony, K. M.; Suzuki, K.; Fukumura, T.; Szelecsednyi, F.; Kovacs, Z.: Proton induced reactions on natural tellurium up to 63 MeV: Data validation and investigation of possibility of 124I production. Radiochim. Acta96 (2008) 76310.1524/ract.2008.1530Search in Google Scholar
40 Glaser, M.; Mackay, D. B.; Ranicar, A. S. O.; Waters, S. L.; Brady, F.; Luthra, S. K.: Improved targetry and production of iodine-124 for PET studies. Radiochim. Acta92 (2004) 95110.1524/ract.92.12.951.55103Search in Google Scholar
41 Scholten, B.; Kovacs, Z.; Tárkányi, F.; Qaim, S. M.: Excitation functions of the 124Te(p, xn)124,123I reactions from 6 to 31 MeV with special reference to the production of 124I at a small cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot. 46 (1995) 25510.1016/0969-8043(94)00145-PSearch in Google Scholar
42 Bastian, T.; Coenen, H. H.; Qaim, S. M.: Excitation functions of Te-124(d, xn)I-124, I-125 reactions from threshold up to 14 MeV: comparative evaluation of nuclear routes for the production of I-124. Appl Radiat Isot. 55 (2001) 30310.1016/S0969-8043(01)00079-3Search in Google Scholar
43 Knust, E. J.; Dutschka, K.; Weinreich, R.: Preparation of 124I solutions after thermodistillation of irradiated 124TeO2 targets. Appl Radiat Isot52 (2000) 18110.1016/S0969-8043(99)00127-XSearch in Google Scholar
44 Coenen, H. H.; Scholten, B.; Hassan, K. F.; Tárkányi, F.; van der Walt, N.; Qaim, S. M.: New nuclear data for production of 76Br and 124I (abstract). Fifth International Symposium on Radiohalogens, Whistler, BC Canada, SC1(2004)Search in Google Scholar
45 Zweit, J.; Bakir, M. A.; Ott, R. J.; Sharma, H. L.; Cox, M.; Goodall, R.: Excitation functions of proton induced reactions in natural tellurium: production of no-carrier added iodine-124 for PET applications. In: Weinreich, R. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Targetry and Target Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland (1991) 76Search in Google Scholar
46 Hassan, K. F.; Qaim, S. M.; Saleh, Z. A.; Coenen, H. H.: Alpha-particle induced reactions on natsb and 121sb with particular reference to the production of the medically interesting radionuclide 124i. Appl Radiat Isot64 (2006) 10110.1016/j.apradiso.2005.07.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed
47 Iimura, H.; Katakura, J.; Tamura, T.; Kitao, K.: Nuclear Data Sheets, IAEA80 (1997) 895Search in Google Scholar
© 2012, Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents/Inhalt
- Contents
- Summaries/Kurzfassungen
- Summaries
- Technical Contributions/Fachbeiträge
- Analytical assessment for stress corrosion fatigue of CANDU fuel elements under load following conditions
- Development of a thermal-hydraulic analysis code for annular fuel assemblies
- Reduction of fluid property errors of various thermohydraulic codes for supercritical water systems
- Computational fluid dynamics validation study of steam condensation on the containment walls
- CFD analysis of a hydraulic valve for cavitating flow
- Thermal plume behaviour in the Kadra reservoir at Kaiga atomic power station – Part 2: studies for the case of four and six units in operation
- 124I production for PET imaging at a cyclotron
- Investigation of ground state features of some medical radionuclides
- Solution of the radiative transfer equation with the successive order scattering transport approximation and its application to a biological medium
- Solving the constant source problem for the quadratic anisotropic scattering kernel using the modified FN method
- Application of the Laplace transform method for computational modelling of radioactive decay series
- A standing wave reactor by continuous radial fuel shuffling
- Technical Notes/Technische Mitteilungen
- On the radial flux shape of a fast standing wave reactor operated by radial fuel shuffling
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents/Inhalt
- Contents
- Summaries/Kurzfassungen
- Summaries
- Technical Contributions/Fachbeiträge
- Analytical assessment for stress corrosion fatigue of CANDU fuel elements under load following conditions
- Development of a thermal-hydraulic analysis code for annular fuel assemblies
- Reduction of fluid property errors of various thermohydraulic codes for supercritical water systems
- Computational fluid dynamics validation study of steam condensation on the containment walls
- CFD analysis of a hydraulic valve for cavitating flow
- Thermal plume behaviour in the Kadra reservoir at Kaiga atomic power station – Part 2: studies for the case of four and six units in operation
- 124I production for PET imaging at a cyclotron
- Investigation of ground state features of some medical radionuclides
- Solution of the radiative transfer equation with the successive order scattering transport approximation and its application to a biological medium
- Solving the constant source problem for the quadratic anisotropic scattering kernel using the modified FN method
- Application of the Laplace transform method for computational modelling of radioactive decay series
- A standing wave reactor by continuous radial fuel shuffling
- Technical Notes/Technische Mitteilungen
- On the radial flux shape of a fast standing wave reactor operated by radial fuel shuffling