Home Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park

  • Jarred Zimmerman EMAIL logo and Peter B. Larson
Published/Copyright: July 31, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information
American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 109 Issue 8

Abstract

Ba-rich minerals are frequently observed in epithermal environments and include characteristic phases such as barite and alunite supergroup minerals. At Yellowstone, electron microprobe analysis shows that Ba in the unaltered third-cycle Tuff of Sulphur Creek is largely contained within sanidine phenocrysts (mean 1.60 wt% BaO) with lesser concentrations in plagioclase (mean 0.22 wt% BaO) and volcanic glass (mean 0.05 wt% BaO). Whole-rock XRD analyses of rocks hydrothermally altered by alkaline-chloride fluids at Ridge 7741 in Seven Mile Hole, Yellowstone National Park, show they are dominated by illite + quartz ± hydrothermal feldspar, primarily adularia. In this alteration zone, adularia is the principal phase that contains significant Ba (mean 0.43 wt% BaO). In shallower alteration, dominated by acid-sulfate assemblages, such as kaolinite + opaline silica ± alunite supergroup minerals (alunite, walthierite, huangite) ± barite, Ba is sequestered in the sulfate minerals. Alunite supergroup minerals (mean 1.12 wt% BaO) are more prevalent than barite and are largely found from the modern valley rim to about 60 m below the modern surface, especially around the South Fork of Sulphur Creek. However, nearly 80 m below the modern rim of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, in areas previously altered by alkaline-chloride fluids, adularia altered to alunite supergroup minerals may contain similar to slightly elevated Ba concentrations relative to the replaced grain. Barite is primarily found sporadically in altered rocks along the valley rim of the South Fork of Sulphur Creek, with rare occurrences along the rim of the Grand Canyon. Despite the hydrothermal alteration, whole-rock XRF and ICP-MS analyses show similar mean concentrations between unaltered (0.11 wt% BaO) and altered (0.09 wt% BaO) Tuff of Sulphur Creek samples. Hydrothermally altered rocks are important sources of Yellowstone low-δ18O rhyolites, like the Tuff of Sulphur Creek, which inherits their low δ18O signal from them. Cenozoic rhyolites throughout the North American Cordillera tend to exhibit high Ba concentrations, including the low-δ18O Yellowstone rhyolites. This work shows that hydrothermal alteration mobilizes Ba in volcanic units with minimal dispersion of Ba out of that unit. The genesis of similar silicic volcanic rocks with elevated Ba, relative to mean upper crustal concentrations, may be the result of partial melting of hydrothermally altered rock.

Keywords: Epithermal; Yellowstone; barium; hydrothermal; alkaline-chloride; acid-sulfate; rhyolite

Acknowledgments and Funding

Thanks are extended to all those who helped in the field: John Stanfield, Olivia Hecimovich, Jenna Kaplan, Brock Rysdahl, Megan Guenther, Philip Moffatt, and Anthony Sorensen. The authors thank Chris H. Gammons for providing notes on an early draft of the manuscript. We also thank the reviewers, Chad Pritchard and Alexander Simakin, whose insights were invaluable in strengthening the manuscript and its assertions. Sampling permits were issued by Yellowstone National Park, Research Permit Office with the help of Annie E. Carlson. This study was funded by the Society of Economic Geologists Canada Foundation (SEGCF) Grant SRG 21-02 and the 2020 NASA Space Grant Fellowship in Science and Engineering awarded to Jarred Zimmerman and by the School of the Environment, Washington State University.

References cited

Bachmann, O., Deering, C.D., Lipman, P.W., and Plummer, C. (2014) Building zoned ignimbrites by recycling silicic cumulates: Insight from the 1,000 km3 Carpenter Ridge Tuff, CO. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 167, 1025, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-014-1025-3.Search in Google Scholar

Balistrieri, L.S., Shanks, W.C. III, Cuhel, R.L., Aguilar, C., and Klump, J.V. (2007) The influence of sublacustrine hydrothermal vent fluids on the geochemistry of Yellowstone Lake. In L.A. Morgan, Ed., Integrated Geoscience Studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, Tectonic, and Hydrothermal Processes in the Yellowstone Geoecosystem, 173–199. USGS Professional Paper 1717.Search in Google Scholar

Bayliss, P., Kolitsch, U., Nickel, E.H., and Pring, A. (2010) Alunite supergroup: Recommended nomenclature. Mineralogical Magazine, 74, 919–927, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2010.074.5.919.Search in Google Scholar

Bindeman, I.N. and Valley, J.W. (2001) Low-δ18O rhyolites from Yellowstone: Magmatic evolution based on analyses of zircons and individual phenocrysts. Journal of Petrology, 42, 1491–1517, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.8.1491.Search in Google Scholar

Brueseke, M.E., Callicoat, J.S., Hames, W., and Larson, P.B. (2014) Mid-Miocene rhyolite volcanism in northeastern Nevada: The Jarbidge rhyolite and its relationship to the Cenozoic evolution of the northern Great Basin (USA). Geological Society of America Bulletin, 126, 1047–1067, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30736.1.Search in Google Scholar

Christiansen, R.L. (2001) The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, 156 p. USGS Professional Paper 729-G.Search in Google Scholar

Christiansen, R.L. and Blank, H.R. Jr. (1972) Volcanic Stratigraphy of the Quaternary Rhyolite Plateau in Yellowstone National Park, 17 p. USGS Professional Paper 729-B.Search in Google Scholar

Christiansen, E.H. and McCurry, M. (2008) Contrasting origins of Cenozoic silicic volcanic rocks from the western Cordillera of the United States. Bulletin of Volcanology, 70, 251–267, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0138-1.Search in Google Scholar

Dill, H.G., Bosse, H.R., Henning, K.H., Fricke, A., and Ahrendt, H. (1997) Mineralogical and chemical variations in hypogene and supergene kaolin deposits in a mobile fold belt the Central Andes of northwestern Peru. Mineralium Deposita, 32, 149–163, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050081.Search in Google Scholar

Emmons, W.H. and Larsen E. S. (1923) Geology and Ore Deposits of the Creede district, Colorado, 198 p. USGS Bulletin 718.Search in Google Scholar

Feeley, T.C. (2003) Origin and tectonic implications of across-strike geochemical variations in the Eocene Absaroka Volcanic Province, United States. The Journal of Geology, 111, 329–346, https://doi.org/10.1086/373972.Search in Google Scholar

Fournier, R.O. (1989) Geochemistry and dynamics of the Yellowstone National Park hydrothermal system. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 17, 13–53, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.17.050189.000305.Search in Google Scholar

Hedenquist J.W. and Arribas, A (2022) Exploration implications of multiple formation events of advanced argillic minerals. Economic Geology, 117, 609–643, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4880.Search in Google Scholar

Hemley, J.J. and Jones, W.R. (1964) Chemical aspects of hydrothermal alteration with emphasis on hydrogen metasomatism. Economic Geology, 59, 538–569, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.59.4.538.Search in Google Scholar

Hemley, J.J., Hostetler, P.B., Gude, A.J., and Mountjo, W.T. (1969) Some stability relations of alunite. Economic Geology, 64, 599–612, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.599.Search in Google Scholar

Hildreth, W., Christiansen, R.L., and O’Neil, J.R. (1984) Catastrophic isotopic modification of rhyolitic magma at times of caldera subsidence, Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 8339–8369, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08339.Search in Google Scholar

Holloway, J.M., Nordstrom, D.K., Böhlke, J.K., McCleskey, R.B., and Ball, J.W. (2011) Ammonium in thermal waters of Yellowstone National Park: Processes affecting speciation and isotope fractionation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 4611–4636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.05.036.Search in Google Scholar

Hurwitz, S. and Lowenstern, J.B. (2014) Dynamics of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system. Reviews of Geophysics, 51, 375–411, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000452.Search in Google Scholar

Iler, R.K. (1979) The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloidal and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry. Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Inoue, A. (1995) Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments. In B. Velde, Ed., Origin and Mineralogy of Clays: Clays and the Environment, 268–329. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

John, D.A. (2001) Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the northern Great Basin, Western United States: Characteristics, distribution, and relationship to magmatism. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 96, 1827–1853, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.96.8.1827.Search in Google Scholar

John, D.A., Vikre, P.G., du Bray, E.A., Blakely, R.J., Fey, D.L., Rockwell, B.W., Mauk, J.L., Anderson, E.D., and Graybeal, F.T. (2018) Descriptive models for epithermal gold-silver deposits. Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070-Q, 247 pp. USGS.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, D.M., Hooper, P.R., and Conrey, R.M. (1999) XRF analysis of rocks and minerals for major and trace elements on a single low dilution Li-tetraborate fused bead. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 41, 843–867.Search in Google Scholar

Kharaka, Y.K., Thordsen, J.J., and White, L.D. (2002) Isotope and chemical compositions of meteoric and thermal waters and snow from the greater Yellowstone National Park Region. USGS Open File Report 02-194, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02194.Search in Google Scholar

Larson, P.B., Phillips, A., John, D., Cosca, M., Pritchard, C., Andersen, A., and Manion, J. (2009) A preliminary study of older hot spring alteration in Sevenmile Hole, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 188, 225–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.017.Search in Google Scholar

Lehnert, K., Profeta, L., Ramdeen S., Sweets, H., Ji, P., Figueroa, J.D., Cao, S., Robinson, S., Block, K., Grossberg, M., Ustunisik, G., Nielsen, R., and Walker, D. (2021) Earthchem Portal (Online). Available: http://portal.earthchem.org/ (accessed Feb 2, 2023). Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.Search in Google Scholar

Licciardi, J.M. and Pierce, K.L. (2008) Cosmogenic exposure-age chronologies of Pinedale and Bull Lake glaciations in greater Yellowstone and the Teton Range, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 814–831, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.12.005.Search in Google Scholar

Licciardi, J.M. and Pierce, K.L. (2018) History and dynamics of the greater Yellowstone Glacial System during the last two glaciations. Quaternary Science Reviews, 200, 1–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.027.Search in Google Scholar

Licciardi, J.M., Clark, P.U., Brook, E.J., Pierce, K.L., Kurz, M.D., Elmore, D., and Sharma, P. (2001) Cosmogenic 3He and 10Be chronologies of the late Pinedale northern Yellowstone ice cap, Montana, USA. Geology, 29, 1095–1098, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1095:CHABCO>2.0.CO;2.Search in Google Scholar

Long, S.P. (2019) Geometry and magnitude of extension in the Basin and Range Province (39°N), Utah, Nevada, and California, USA: Constraints from a province-scale cross section. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 131, 99–119, https://doi.org/10.1130/B31974.1.Search in Google Scholar

Long, S.P., Heizler, M.T., Thomson, S., Reiners, P.W., and Fryxell, J.E. (2018) Rapid Oligocene to early Miocene extension along the Grant Range detachment system, Nevada, USA: Insights from multipart cooling histories of footwall rocks. Tectonics, 37, 4752–4779, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005073.Search in Google Scholar

Love, J.D. and Good, J.M. (1970) Hydrocarbons in thermal areas, northwestern Wyoming, 23 p. USGS Professional Paper 644-B.Search in Google Scholar

Manion, J.L. (2010) Epithermal alteration in Tuff of Sulphur Creek, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 140 p. Masters thesis, Washington State University.Search in Google Scholar

Matthews, N.E., Vazquez, J.A., and Calvert, A.T. (2015) Age of the Lava Creek super-eruption and magma chamber assembly at Yellowstone based on 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb dating of sanidine and zircon crystals. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 16, 2508–2528, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC005881.Search in Google Scholar

Mauch, J.P., Stafford, J.E., and Wittke, S.J. (2023) Geology of Yellowstone map. Wyoming State Geological Survey, https://portal.wsgs.wyo.gov/arcgis/apps/webap-pviewer/index.html?id=7013f219b7a7495792f4f8353d8320a7.Search in Google Scholar

Meyers, C. and Hemley, J. (1957) Hydrothermal alteration in some granodiorites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 6, 89–100, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1957.0060108.Search in Google Scholar

Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C.P. III, and Pierce, K.L. (2009) Hydrothermal processes above the Yellowstone magma chamber: Large hydrothermal systems and large hydrothermal explosions. Geological Society of America Special Paper 459, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE459.Search in Google Scholar

Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C.P., Lowenstern, J.B., Farrell, J.M., and Robinson, J.E. (2017) Geologic field-trip guide to the volcanic and hydrothermal landscape of the Yellowstone Plateau, 100 p. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5022-P, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175022P.Search in Google Scholar

Nan, X.Y., Yu, H.M., Rudnick, R.L., Gaschnig, R.M., Xu, J., Li, W.Y., Zhang, Q., Jin, Z.D., Li, F.H., and Huang, F. (2018) Barium isotopic composition of the upper continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 233, 33–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.05.004.Search in Google Scholar

Phillips, A.R. (2010) An oxygen isotope, fluid inclusion, and mineralogy study of the ancient hydrothermal alteration in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 97 p. Masters thesis, Washington State University.Search in Google Scholar

Pierce, K.L. (1979) History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area. USGS Professional Paper, 729-F, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp729F.Search in Google Scholar

Pierce, K.L., Cannon, K.P., Meyer, G.A., Trebesch, M.J., and Watts, R.D. (2002) Postglacial inflation-deflation cycles, tilting, and faulting in the Yellowstone caldera based on Yellowstone Lake shorelines. USGS Open File Report 02-142, https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/LPS20207.Search in Google Scholar

Piochi, M., Mormone, A., Balassone, G., Strauss, H., Troise, C., and Natale, G. (2015) Native sulfur, sulfates and sulfides from active Campi Flegrei volcano (southern Italy): Genetic environments and degassing dynamics revealed by mineralogy and isotope geochemistry. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 304, 180–193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.08.017.Search in Google Scholar

Plumlee, G.S., Kathleen S.S., Gray, J.E. and Hoover, D.B. (1995) Epithermal quartzalunite deposits. Preliminary descriptive geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits. USGS Open File Report 95, 162–169.Search in Google Scholar

Pritchard, C.J. and Larson, P.B. (2012) Genesis of the post-caldera eastern Upper Basin Member rhyolites, Yellowstone, WY: From volcanic stratigraphy, geochemistry, and radiogenic isotope modeling. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 164, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0733-9.Search in Google Scholar

Rivera, T.A., Darata, R., Lippert, P.C., Jicha, B.R., and Schmitz, M.D. (2017) The duration of a Yellowstone super-eruption cycle and implications for the age of the Olduvai subchron. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 479, 377–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.08.027.Search in Google Scholar

Rudnick, R.L. and Gao, S. (2003) Composition of the continental crust. In H.D. Holland and K.K Turekian, Eds., Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd ed., 3, 1–64. Elsevier.Search in Google Scholar

Rye, R.O. and Truesdell, A.H. (2007) The question of recharge to the deep thermal reservoir underlying the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. In L.A. Morgan, Ed., Integrated Geoscience Studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, Tectonic, and Hydrothermal Processes in the Yellowstone Geoecosystem, 239–270. USGS Professional Paper 1717.Search in Google Scholar

Schinteie, R., Campbell, K.A., and Browne, P.R.L. (2007) Microfacies of stromatolitic sinter from acid-sulphate-chloride springs at Paraiki stream, Rotokawa Geothermal Field, New Zealand. Palaeontologia Electronica, 10, 33 p.Search in Google Scholar

Sharp, Z.D. (2017) Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 2nd ed. University of New Mexico.Search in Google Scholar

Simmons, S.F., White, N.C., and John, D.A. (2005) Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits. In J.W. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb, and J.P. Richards, Eds., One Hundredth Anniversary Volume, 485–522, https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.16.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, R.B., Jordan, M., Steinberger, B., Puskas, C.M., Farrell, J., Waite, G.P., Husen, S., Chang, W.L., and O’Connell, R. (2009) Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics, and mantle flow. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 188, 26–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.Search in Google Scholar

Stelten, M.E., Cooper, K.M., Vazquez, J.A., Calvert, A.T., and Glessner, J.G. (2015) Mechanisms and timescales of generating eruptible rhyolitic magmas at Yellowstone caldera from zircon and sanidine geochronology and geochemistry. Journal of Petrology, 56, 1607–1642, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv047.Search in Google Scholar

Stoffregen, R. (1987) Genesis of acid-sulfate alteration and Au-Cu-Ag mineralization at Summitville, Colorado. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 82, 1575–1591, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.6.1575.Search in Google Scholar

Swallow, E.J., Wilson, C.N.J., Charlier, B.L.A., and Gamble, J.A. (2019) The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, Yellowstone: Evacuation of multiple magmatic systems in a complex episodic eruption. Journal of Petrology, 60, 1371–1426, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egz034.Search in Google Scholar

Till, C.B., Vazquez, J.A., Stelten, M.E., Shamloo, H.I., and Shaffer, J.S. (2019) Coexisting discrete bodies of rhyolite and punctuated volcanism characterize Yellowstone’s post-Lava Creek Tuff caldera evolution. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20, 3861–3881, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008321.Search in Google Scholar

Troch, J., Ellis, B.S., Harris, C., Ulmer, P., and Bachmann, O. (2018) The effect of prior hydrothermal alteration on the melting behaviour during rhyolite formation in Yellowstone, and its importance in the generation of low-δ18O magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 481, 338–349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.10.039.Search in Google Scholar

Vikre, P.G. (2007) Sinter-vein correlations at Buckskin Mountain, National District, Humboldt County, Nevada. Economic Geology, 102, 193–224, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.2.193.Search in Google Scholar

Warr, L.N. (2021) IMA-CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85, 291–320, https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.43.Search in Google Scholar

White, N.C. and Hedenquist, J.W. (1995) Epithermal gold deposits: styles, characteristics, and exploration. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter, 23, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5382/SEGnews.1995-23.fea.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Y., Schoonen, M.A.A., Nordstrom, D.K., Cunningham, K.M., and Ball, J.W. (1998) Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal water in Yellowstone National Park: I. the origin of thiosulfate in hot spring waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 3729–3743, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00269-5.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-03-06
Accepted: 2023-12-22
Published Online: 2024-07-31
Published in Print: 2024-08-27

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Fingerprinting the source and complex history of ore fluids of a giant lode gold deposit using quartz textures and in-situ oxygen isotopes
  2. Cu isotope fractionation between Cu-bearing phases and hydrothermal fluids: Insights from ex situ and in situ experiments
  3. Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
  4. Single-crystal elasticity of humite-group minerals by Brillouin scattering
  5. Sulfur speciation in dacitic melts using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of the S K-edge (S-XANES): Consideration of radiation-induced changes and the implications for sulfur in natural arc systems
  6. Ab initio calculations and crystal structure simulations for mixed layer compounds from the tetradymite series
  7. A fast open data reduction workflow for the electron microprobe flank method to determine Fe3+/ΣFe contents in minerals
  8. Machine learning applied to apatite compositions for determining mineralization potential
  9. Reconstructing volatile exsolution in a porphyry ore-forming magma chamber: Perspectives from apatite inclusions
  10. Incommensurate to normal phase transition in malayaite
  11. Raman spectroscopic measurements on San Carlos olivine up to 14 GPa and 800 K: Implications for thermodynamic properties
  12. Chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from the Yixingzhai gold deposit, North China Craton: Proxies for ore fluids evolution and mineral exploration
  13. Tourmaline chemical and boron isotopic constraints on the magmatic-hydrothermal transition and rare-metal mineralization in alkali granitic systems
  14. New Mineral Names
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2023-8996
Keywords for this article
Epithermal; Yellowstone; barium; hydrothermal; alkaline-chloride; acid-sulfate; rhyolite

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Fingerprinting the source and complex history of ore fluids of a giant lode gold deposit using quartz textures and in-situ oxygen isotopes
  2. Cu isotope fractionation between Cu-bearing phases and hydrothermal fluids: Insights from ex situ and in situ experiments
  3. Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
  4. Single-crystal elasticity of humite-group minerals by Brillouin scattering
  5. Sulfur speciation in dacitic melts using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of the S K-edge (S-XANES): Consideration of radiation-induced changes and the implications for sulfur in natural arc systems
  6. Ab initio calculations and crystal structure simulations for mixed layer compounds from the tetradymite series
  7. A fast open data reduction workflow for the electron microprobe flank method to determine Fe3+/ΣFe contents in minerals
  8. Machine learning applied to apatite compositions for determining mineralization potential
  9. Reconstructing volatile exsolution in a porphyry ore-forming magma chamber: Perspectives from apatite inclusions
  10. Incommensurate to normal phase transition in malayaite
  11. Raman spectroscopic measurements on San Carlos olivine up to 14 GPa and 800 K: Implications for thermodynamic properties
  12. Chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from the Yixingzhai gold deposit, North China Craton: Proxies for ore fluids evolution and mineral exploration
  13. Tourmaline chemical and boron isotopic constraints on the magmatic-hydrothermal transition and rare-metal mineralization in alkali granitic systems
  14. New Mineral Names
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 24.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2023-8996/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button