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Continuous Be mineralization from two-mica granite to pegmatite: Critical element enrichment processes in a Himalayan leucogranite pluton

  • Chen Liu , Ru-Cheng Wang , Robert L. Linnen , Fu-Yuan Wu , Lei Xie and Xiao-Chi Liu
Published/Copyright: January 3, 2023
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 108 Issue 1

Abstract

Beryllium is a critical metal typically concentrated in highly fractionated granitic rocks such as the leucogranites in the Himalaya. Here, we report beryl mineralization that was continuous from the earlier and less-evolved two-mica granite to the highly evolved albite granite and pegmatite in a typical leucogranite pluton at Pusila in the central of Himalaya. Textural and mineral chemical evidence support a magmatic origin for beryl, and the trends of beryl crystal chemistry indicate magma differentiation. Despite low to moderate fractionation of the biotite granite and two-mica granite in the Pusila leucogranite pluton, the Be contents (~7 μg/g, beryl-free and ~22 μg/g, beryl-bearing, respectively) of these granites are much higher than the average for biotite- and two-mica granites worldwide (~3–4 and 5–10 μg/g, respectively), indicating that the initial magma had a relatively high-Be concentration. The gneisses of Greater Himalayan System, considered the protolith, also show a higher Be abundance (~4–6 μg/g) than the mean value of pelitic rocks worldwide (~2–3 μg/g), which could be the source reservoir of Be. The source contributed the initial Be to the melt, and fractionation resulted in the onset of beryl crystallization from the interstitial residual melt in the two-mica granite. The ubiquity of beryl in two-mica granite to pegmatite stages of the Pusila pluton is explained by a continuous crystallization model, although there was a delay in the onset of beryl crystallization in the two-mica granite. Modeling based on Rayleigh fractionation indicates that Be becomes compatible once saturation is attained because of the beryl crystallization. Our findings indicate that the enrichment of critical elements (e.g., Be) is controlled not only by fractional crystallization but also by the buffering action of a saturating phase (e.g., beryl) on the concentration of the critical element in the melt.

Keywords: Himalayan leucogranite; beryllium; beryl; source; fractionation; delayed crystallization; Lithium, beryllium and boron: Quintessentially crustal

† Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html.

Funding statement: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91855209), Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation into Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Grant No. 2019QZKK0802), the scholarship from China Scholarship Council (File No. 201906190151) to C.L., and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DLTD2014).

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank Wen-Lan Zhang, Huan Hu, and Juan Li from State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research for their technical assistance with EMPA, LA-ICPMS, and SEM analyses. We sincerely thank the two reviewers, Gerhard Franz, and Milan Novák, for their constructive comments. We also particularly thank the Associate Editor Edward S. Grew for bringing his considerable expertise with patience to bear on important details.

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Received: 2021-10-14
Accepted: 2022-01-13
Published Online: 2023-01-03
Published in Print: 2023-01-27

© 2022 by Mineralogical Society of America

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8353
Keywords for this article
Himalayan leucogranite; beryllium; beryl; source; fractionation; delayed crystallization; Lithium, beryllium and boron: Quintessentially crustal

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  2. Nickel in olivine as an exploration indicator for magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits: A data review and re-evaluation
  3. Repeat, fast, and high-resolution mapping of fine-scale trace element distribution in pyrite and marcasite by LA-Q-ICP-MS with the Aerosol Rapid Introduction System (ARIS)
  4. Continuous Be mineralization from two-mica granite to pegmatite: Critical element enrichment processes in a Himalayan leucogranite pluton
  5. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VI: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust (>4370 Ma)
  6. Oxidation or cation re-arrangement? Distinct behavior of riebeckite at high temperature
  7. Fe3+/FeT ratios of amphiboles determined by high spatial resolution single-crystal synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy
  8. How clay delamination supports aseismic slip
  9. The influence of Al2O3 on the structural properties of MgSiO3 akimotoite
  10. Atomistic insight into the ferroelastic post-stishovite transition by high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  11. Epidote as a conveyor of water into the Earth’s deep mantle in subduction zones: Insights from coupled high-pressure and high-temperature experiments
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