Home Physical Sciences An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VI: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust (>4370 Ma)
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VI: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust (>4370 Ma)

  • Shaunna M. Morrison , Anirudh Prabhu and Robert M. Hazen ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: January 3, 2023
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Part VI of the evolutionary system of mineralogy catalogs 262 kinds of minerals, formed by 18 different processes, that we suggest represent the earliest solid phases in Earth’s crust. All of these minerals likely formed during the first tens of millions of years following the global-scale disruption of the Moon-forming impact prior to ~4.4 Ga, though no samples of terrestrial minerals older than ~4.37 Ga are known to have survived on Earth today. Our catalog of the earliest Hadean species includes 80 primary phases associated with ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks, as well as more than 80 minerals deposited from immiscible S-rich fluids and late-stage Si-rich residual melts. Earth’s earliest crustal minerals also included more than 200 secondary phases of these primary minerals that were generated by thermal metamorphism, aqueous alteration, impacts, and other processes. In particular, secondary mineralization related to pervasive near-surface aqueous fluids may have included serpentinization of mafic and ultramafic rocks, hot springs and submarine volcanic vent mineralization, hydrothermal sulfide deposits, zeolite and associated mineral formation in basaltic cavities, marine authigenesis, and hydration of subaerial lithologies. Additional Hadean minerals may have formed by thermal metamorphism of lava xenoliths, sublimation at volcanic fumaroles, impact processes, and volcanic lightning. These minerals would have occurred along with more than 180 additional phases found in the variety of meteorites that continuously fell to Earth’s surface during the early Hadean Eon.

Funding statement: Studies of mineral evolution and mineral ecology have been supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the W.M. Keck Foundation, the John Templeton Foundation, the NASA Astrobiology Institute ENIGMA team, the Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) Program, a private foundation, and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Any opinions, findings, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Acknowledgments

We are especially grateful to Richard Carlson for valuable discussions and a detailed review of an early version of this contribution. Alexander Evans, Edward Grew, Timothy Grove, Jihua Hao, Peter Kelemen, Craig Manning, Karyn Rogers, Dimitri Sverjensky, Lindy Elkins-Tanton, and Michael Walter provided expert advice on aspects of early Earth petrology and geochemistry. We also thank Associate Editor Steven Simon, and reviewers Kent Condie and George Harlow for their thorough, thoughtful, and constructive reviews.

References cited

Abe, Y. (1993) Physical state of the very early Earth. Lithos, 30, 223–235.Search in Google Scholar

Abe, Y. (1997) Thermal and chemical evolution of the terrestrial magma ocean. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 100, 27–39.Search in Google Scholar

Abe, Y., and Matsui, T. (1988) Evolution of an impact-generated H2O-CO2 atmosphere and formation of a hot proto-ocean on Earth. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 45, 3081–3101.Search in Google Scholar

Ackerson, M.R., Trail, D., and Buettner, J. (2021) Emergence of peraluminous crustal magmas and implications for the early Earth. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 17, 50–54.Search in Google Scholar

Albarède, F. (2009) Volatile accretion history of the terrestrial planets and dynamic implications. Nature, 461, 1227–1233.Search in Google Scholar

Alexander, C.M.O., Bowden, R., Fogel, M.L., Howard, K.T., Herd, C.D.K., and Nittler, L.R. (2012) The provenances of asteroids, and their contributions to the volatile inventories of the terrestrial planets. Science, 337, 721–723.Search in Google Scholar

Anbar, A.D. (2008) Elements and evolution. Science, 322, 1481–1483.Search in Google Scholar

Anbar, A.D., and Knoll, A.H. (2002) Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: A bioinorganic bridge? Science, 297, 1137–1142.Search in Google Scholar

Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (1990–2003) Handbook of Mineralogy, 6 volumes. Mineral Data Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Aquilano, D., Bruno, M., Pastero, L., and Ghignone, S. (2021) Growth and equilibrium morphology of hydrohalite (NaCl·2H2O) and its epitaxy with hexagonal ice crystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 125, 6923–6932.Search in Google Scholar

Arai, T., and Maruyama, S. (2017) Formation of anorthosite on the Moon through magma ocean fractional crystallization. Geoscience Frontiers, 8, 299–308.Search in Google Scholar

Armstrong, J.C., Wells, L.E., and Gonzales, G. (2002) Rummaging through Earth’s attic for remains of ancient life. Icarus, 160, 183–196.Search in Google Scholar

Ashwal, L.D. (2010) The temporality of anorthosites. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 711–728.Search in Google Scholar

Badro, J., and Walter, M., Eds. (2015) The Early Earth: Accretion and Differentiation, 212 p. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph.Search in Google Scholar

Baker, M.B., Hirschmann, M.M., Ghiorso, M.S., and Stolper, E.M. (1995) Compositions of near-solidus peridotite melts from experiments and thermodynamic calculations. Nature, 375, 308–311.Search in Google Scholar

Ballhaus, C., Wirth, R., Fonseca, R.O.C., Blanchard, H., Pröll, W., Bragagni, A., Nagel, T., Schreiber, A., Dittrich, S., Thome, V., Hezel, D.C., Below, R., and Cieszynski, H. (2017) Ultra-high pressure and ultra-reduced minerals in ophiolites may form by lightning strikes. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 5, 42–46.Search in Google Scholar

Ballhaus, C., Fonseca, R.O.C., and Bragagni, A. (2018a) Reply to Comment on “Ultra-high pressure and ultra-reduced minerals in ophiolites may form by lightning strikes” by Griffin et al. (2018): No evidence for transition zone metamorphism in the Luobusa ophiolite. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 7, 3–4.Search in Google Scholar

Ballhaus, C., Blanchard, H., Fonseca, R.O.C., and Bragagni, A. (2018b) Reply 2 to Comment on “Ultra-high pressure and ultra-reduced minerals in ophiolites may form by lightning strikes.” Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 8, 8–10.Search in Google Scholar

Ballhaus, C., Helmy, H.M., Fonseca, R.O.C., Wirth, R., Schreiber, A., and Jöns, N. (2021) Ultra-reduced phases in ophiolites cannot come from Earth’s mantle. American Mineralogist, 106, 1053–1063.Search in Google Scholar

Barboni, M., Boehnke, P., Keller, B., Kohl, I.E., Schoene, B., Young, E.D., and McKeegan, K.D. (2017) Early formation of the Moon 4.51 billion years ago. Science Advances, 3, e1602365.Search in Google Scholar

Barr, A.C. (2016) On the origin of Earth’s Moon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 121, 1573–1601.Search in Google Scholar

Barrat, J.-A., Chaussidon, M., Yamaguchi, A., Beck, P., Villeneuve, J., Byrne, D.J., Broadley, M.W., and Marty, B. (2021) A 4,565-My-old andesite from an extinct chondritic protoplanet. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118, 7, e02619118.Search in Google Scholar

Bea, F., Montero, P., Hayssen, F., Rjimati, E., El Archi, A., and Molina, J.F. (2013) Petrology and geochemistry of 2.46 Ga kalsilite and nepheline syenites from the Awsard Massif, Reguibat Rise, West African Craton. A model for generation of extremely K-rich magmas at the Archean to Proterozoic transition. International Association for Gondwana Research Conference Series, 15, 7–8.Search in Google Scholar

Bell, D., and Rossman, G. (1992) Water in Earth’s mantle: the role of nominally anhydrous minerals. Science, 255, 1391–1397.Search in Google Scholar

Bellucci, J.J., Nemchin, A.A., Grange, M., Robinson, K.L., Collins, G., Whitehouse, M.J., Snape, J.F., Norman, M.D., and Kring, D.A. (2019) Terrestrial-like zircon in a clast from an Apollo 14 breccia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 510, 173–185.Search in Google Scholar

Blais, S., and Auvray, B. (1990) Serpentinization in the Archean komatiitic rocks of the Kuhmo greenstone belt, eastern Finland. Canadian Mineralogist, 28, 55–66.Search in Google Scholar

Boggs, S. (2006) Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 4th edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.Search in Google Scholar

Bolfan-Casanova, N., and Keppler, H. (2000) Water partitioning between nominally anhydrous minerals in the MgO-SiO2-H2O system up to 24 GPa: implications for the distribution of water in the Earth’s mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 182, 209–221.Search in Google Scholar

Borg, L.E., Gaffney, A.M., and Shearer, C.K. (2015) A review of lunar chronology revealing a preponderance of 4.34-4.37 Ga ages. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 50, 715–732.Search in Google Scholar

Borg, L.E., Gaffney, A.M., Kruijer, T.S., Marks, N.A., Sio, C.K., and Wimpenny, J. (2019) Isotopic evidence for a young lunar magma ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 523, 115706–115709.Search in Google Scholar

Bowen, N.L. (1928) The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks. Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bowles, J.F.W., Howie, R.A., Vaughan, D.J., and Zussman, J. (2011) Rock-Forming Minerals. Vol. 5A: Non-Silicates: Oxides, Hydroxides and Sulfides, 2nd ed., 418 p. The Geological Society of London.Search in Google Scholar

Boyd, R. (1991) Realism, anti-foundationalism and the enthusiasm for natural kinds. Philosophical Studies, 61, 127–148.Search in Google Scholar

Boyd, R. (1999) Homeostasis, species, and higher taxa. In R. Wilson, Ed., Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, p.141–186. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Boyet, M., and Carlson, R.W. (2005) 142Nd evidence for early (>4.53 billion years ago) global differentiation of the silicate Earth. Science, 309, 576–581.Search in Google Scholar

Boyet, M., and Carlson, R.W. (2006) A new geochemical model for the Earth’s mantle inferred from 146Sm-142Nd systematics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 250, 254–268.Search in Google Scholar

Boyet, M., Blichert-Toft, J., Rosing, M., Storey, M., Télouk, P., and Albarède, F. (2003) 142Nd evidence for early Earth differentiation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 214, 427–442.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, M. (2013) The contribution of metamorphic petrology towards understanding Precambrian lithospheric evolution: The last 30 years in review. International Association for Gondwana Research Conference Series, 15, 16–22.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, S., Elkins-Tanton, L.T., and Walker, R. (2014) Effects of magma ocean crystallization and overturn on the development of 142Nd and 182W isotopic heterogeneities in the primordial mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 408, 319–330.Search in Google Scholar

Budde, G., Burkhardt, C., Brennecka, G.A., Fischer-Gödde, M., Kruijer, T.S., and Kleine, T. (2016) Molybdenum isotopic complementarity of chondrules and matrix and the dichotomy of carbonaceous and noncarbonaceous meteorites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 454, 293–303.Search in Google Scholar

Burke, E.A.J. (2006) The end of CNMMN and CCM—Long live the CNMNC! Elements, 2, 388.Search in Google Scholar

Burkhardt, C., Kleine, T., Oberli, F., Pack, A., Bourdon, B., and Wieler, R. (2011) Molybdenum isotopic anomalies in meteorites: Constraints on solar nebula evolution and the origin of the Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 312, 390–400.Search in Google Scholar

Canup, R.M., and Asphaug, E. (2001) Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of Earth’s formation. Nature, 412, 708–712.Search in Google Scholar

Carlson, R.W., Borg, L.E., Gaffney, A.M., and Boyet, M. (2014) Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope systematics of the lunar Mg-suite: the age of the lunar crust and its relation to the time of Moon formation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 372, 21.Search in Google Scholar

Carlson, R.W., Boyet, M., O’Neil, J., Rizo, H., and Walker, R.J. (2015) Early differentiation and its long-term consequences for Earth evolution. In J. Badro and M. Walter, Eds., The Early Earth: Accretion and Differentiation, 212, 143–172. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph.Search in Google Scholar

Carlson, R.W., Garçon, M., O’Neil, J., Reimink, J., and Rizo, H. (2019) The nature of Earth’s first crust. Chemical Geology, 530, 119321–119325.Search in Google Scholar

Caro, G., and Bourdon, B. (2010) Non-chondritic Sm/Nd ratio in the terrestrial planets: Consequences for the geochemical evolution of the mantle-crust system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 3333–3349.Search in Google Scholar

Caro, G., Bourdon, B., Birck, J.L., and Moorbath, S. (2003) 146Sm-142Nd evidence from Isua metamorphosed sediments for early differentiation of the Earth’s mantle. Nature, 423, 428–432.Search in Google Scholar

Cartier, K.M.S. (2020) Planetary lightning: Same physics, distant worlds. Eos, 101.Search in Google Scholar

Cavosie, A.J., Valley, J.W., and Wilde, S.A., and Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility. (2006) Correlated microanalysis of zircon: Trace element, δ18O and U-Th-Pb isotopic constraints on the igneous origin of complex > 3900 Ma detrital grains. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 5601–5616.Search in Google Scholar

Charnay, B., Le Hir, G., Fluteau, F., Forget, F., and Catling, D.C. (2017) A warm or cold early Earth? New insights from a 3-D climate-carbon model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 474, 97–109.Search in Google Scholar

Chavagnac, V., Ceuleneer, G., Monnin, C., Lansac, B., Hoareau, G., and Boulart, C. (2013) Mineralogical assemblages forming at hyperalkaline warm springs hosted on ultramafic rocks: A case study of Oman and Ligurian ophiolites. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14, 2474–2495.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, M., Shu, J., Xie, X., and Tan, D. (2019) Maohokite, a post-spinel polymorph of MgFe2O4 in shocked gneiss from the Xiuyan crater in China. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 54, 495–502.Search in Google Scholar

Chevrel, S.D., Pinet, P.C., and Head, J.W. III (1999) Gruithuisen domes region: A candidate for an extended nonmare volcanism unit on the Moon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 104, 16515–16529.Search in Google Scholar

Cimarelli, C., Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia, M.A., Kueppers, U., Scheu, B., and Dingwell, D.B. (2014) Experimental generation of volcanic lightning. Geology, 42, 79–82.Search in Google Scholar

Cleland, C.E., Hazen, R.M., and Morrison, S.M. (2021) Historical natural kinds in mineralogy: Systematizing contingency in the context of necessity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118, e2015370118. (Published online December 2020)Search in Google Scholar

Collinet, M., and Grove, T.L. (2020) Widespread production of silica- and alkali-rich melts at the onset of planetesimal melting. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 277, 334–357.Search in Google Scholar

Collins, S.J., Maclennan, J., Pyle, D.M., Barnes, S.-J., and Upton, B.G.J. (2012) Two phases of sulphide saturation in Réunion magmas: Evidence from cumulates. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 337-338, 104–113.Search in Google Scholar

Condie, K.C. (1982) Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution. Pergamon.Search in Google Scholar

Condie, K.C., and Benn, K. (2006) Archean geodynamics: Similar to or different from modern geodynamics? American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monographs, 164, 47–60.Search in Google Scholar

Crawford, I.A., Baldwin, E.C., Taylor, E.A., Bailey, J.A., and Tsembelis, K. (2008) On the survivability and detectability of terrestrial meteorites on the Moon. Astrobiology, 8, 242–252.Search in Google Scholar

Ćuk, M., and Stewart, S.T. (2012) Making the Moon from a fast-spinning Earth: A giant impact followed by resonant despinning. Science, 338, 1047–1052.Search in Google Scholar

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J. (1982-2013) Rock-Forming Minerals. 2nd ed., 11 volumes. Wiley and The Geological Society of London.Search in Google Scholar

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J. (1986) Rock-Forming Minerals, Volume 1B: Disilicates and Ring Silicates, 2nd ed., 471 p. Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J. (1997) Rock-Forming Minerals, Volume 2B: Double-Chain Silicates, 2nd ed., 764 p. The Geological Society of London.Search in Google Scholar

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J. (2001) Rock-Forming Minerals. Volume 4A: Framework Silicates: Feldspars, 2nd ed., 992 p. The Geological Society of London.Search in Google Scholar

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J. (2009) Rock-Forming Minerals. Volume 3B: Layered Silicates Excluding Micas and Clay Minerals, 2nd ed., 314 p. The Geological Society of London.Search in Google Scholar

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Wise, W.S., and Zussman, J. (2004) Rock-Forming Minerals. Volume 4B: Framework Silicates: Silica Minerals, Feldspathoids and the Zeolites, 2nd ed., 982 p. The Geological Society of London.Search in Google Scholar

Deng, J., Du, Z., Karki, B.B., Ghosh, D.B., and Lee, K.K.M. (2020) A magma ocean origin to divergent redox evolutions of rocky planetary bodies and early atmospheres. Nature Communications, 11, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

DePaolo, D.J. (2013) Implications, complications, and simplifications associated with a non-chondritic early Earth. International Association for Gondwana Research Conference Series, 15, 34–35.Search in Google Scholar

Desch, S.J., Kalyaan, A., and Alexander, C.M.O. (2018) The effect of Jupiter’s formation on the distribution of refractory elements and inclusions in meteorites. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 238, 11–31.Search in Google Scholar

Dick, H.J.B. (1989) Abyssal peridotites, very slow spreading ridges and ocean ridge magmatism. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42, 71–105.Search in Google Scholar

Dohm, J.M., Maruyama, S., Kido, M., and Baker, V.R. (2018) A possible anorthositic continent of early Mars and the role of planetary size for the inception of Earth-like life. Geoscience Frontiers, 9, 1085–1098.Search in Google Scholar

Dong, J., Fischer, R.A., Stixrude, L.P., and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.R. (2021) Constraining the volume of Earth’s early oceans with a temperature-dependent mantle water storage capacity model. AGU Advances, 2, e2020AV000323.Search in Google Scholar

Duncan, R.A., and Green, D.H. (1987) The genesis of refractory melts in the formation of oceanic crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 96, 326–342.Search in Google Scholar

El Goresy, A., Dubrovinsky, L., Gillet, P., Graup, G., and Chen, M. (2010) Akaogiite: An ultra-dense polymorph of TiO2 with the baddeleyite-type structure, in shocked garnet gneiss from the Ries Crater, Germany. American Mineralogist, 95, 892–895.Search in Google Scholar

Elardo, S.M., Draper, D.S., and Shearer, C.K. Jr. (2011) Lunar magma ocean crystallization revisited: Bulk composition, early cumulate mineralogy, and the source regions of the highlands Mg-suite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 3024–3045.Search in Google Scholar

Elkins-Tanton, L.T. (2008) Linked magma ocean solidification and atmospheric growth for Earth and Mars. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271, 181–191.Search in Google Scholar

Elkins-Tanton, L.T. (2011) Formation of early water oceans on rocky planets. Astrophysics and Space Science, 332, 359–364.Search in Google Scholar

Elkins-Tanton, L.T. (2012) Magma oceans in the inner solar system. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 40, 113–139.Search in Google Scholar

Elkins-Tanton, L.T., Burgess, S., and Yin, Q.Z. (2011) The lunar magma ocean: Reconciling the solidification process with lunar petrology and geochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 304, 326–336.Search in Google Scholar

Ereshefsky, M. (2014) Species, historicity, and path dependency. Philosophy of Science, 81, 714–726.Search in Google Scholar

Ernst, W.G., Sleep, N.H., and Tsujimori, T. (2016) Plate-tectonic evolution of the Earth: Bottom-up and top-down mantle circulation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, 1103–1120.Search in Google Scholar

Essene, E.J., and Fisher, D.C. (1986) Lightning strike fusion: Extreme reduction and metal-silicate immiscibility. Science, 234, 189–193.Search in Google Scholar

Evans, A.J., Andrews-Hanna, J.C., Head, J.W. III, Soderblom, J.M., Solomon, S.C., and Zuber, M.T. (2018) Reexamination of early lunar chronology with GRAIL data: Terranes, basins, and impact fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 123, 1596–1617.Search in Google Scholar

Faure, F., Arndt, N., and Libourel, G. (2006) Formation of spinifex texture in komatiites: an experimental study. Journal of Petrology, 47, 1591–1610.Search in Google Scholar

Feng, T., Gull, M., Omran, A., Abbott-Lyon, H., and Pasek, M.A. (2021) The evolution of ephemeral phosphate minerals on planetary environments. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 5, 1647–1656.Search in Google Scholar

Fenner, C.N. (1929) The crystallization of basalts. American Journal of Science, s5-18, 225–253.Search in Google Scholar

Fleet, M.E. (2003) Rock-Forming Minerals. Volume 3A: Sheet Silicates: Micas, 2nd ed., 780 p. The Geological Society of London.Search in Google Scholar

Furnes, H., and Dilek, Y. (2017) Geochemical characterization and petrogenesis of intermediate to silicic rocks in ophiolites: A global synthesis. Earth-Science Reviews, 166, 1–37.Search in Google Scholar

Gaillard, F., and Scaillet, B. (2014) A theoretical framework for volcanic degassing chemistry in a comparartive planetology perspective and implications for planetary atmospheres. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 403, 307–316.Search in Google Scholar

Giampouras, M., Garrido, C.J., Bach, W., Los, C., Fussmann, D., Monien, P., and Garcia-Ruiz, J.M. (2020) On the controls of mineral assemblages and textures in alkaline sporings, Samail Ophiolite, Oman. Chemical Geology, 533, 119435.Search in Google Scholar

Glass, B.P., Liu, S., and Leavens, P.B. (2002) Reidite: An impact-produced high-pressure polymorph of zircon found in marine sediments. American Mineralogist, 87, 562–565.Search in Google Scholar

Godman, M. (2021) Scientific realism with historical essences: The case of species. Synthese, 198, 3041–3057.Search in Google Scholar

Grapes, R. (2006) Pyrometamorphism, 2nd ed., 277 p. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Green, D.H. (1975) Genesis of Archean peridotitic magmas and constraints on Archean geothermal gradients and tectonics. Geology, 3, 15–18.Search in Google Scholar

Gregory, D.D., Cracknell, M.J., Large, R.R., McGoldrick, P., Kuhn, S., Maslennikov, V.V., Baker, M.J., Fox, N., Belousov, I., Figueroa, M.C., Steadman, J.A., Fabris, A.J., and Lyons, T.W. (2019) Distinguishing ore deposit type and barren sedimentary pyrite using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry trace element data and statistical analysis of large data sets. Economic Geology, 114, 771–786.Search in Google Scholar

Grieve, R.A.F., Cintala, M.J., and Therriault, A.M. (2006) Large-scale impacts and the evolution of the Earth’s crust: The early years. In W.U. Reimold and R.L. Gibson, Eds., Processes of the Early Earth, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 405, 23–31.Search in Google Scholar

Griffin, W.L., Belousova, E.A., O’Neill, C., O’Reilly, S.Y., Malkovets, V., Pearson, N.J., Spetsius, S., and Wilde, S.A. (2014) The World Turns Over: Hadean–Archean crust-mantle evolution. Lithos, 189, 2–15.Search in Google Scholar

Griffin, W.L., Afonso, J.C., Belousova, E.A., Gain, S.E., Gong, X.-H., González-Jiménez, J.M., Howell, D., Huang, J.-X., McGowan, N., Pearson, N.J., and others. (2016) Mantle recycling: Transition zone metamorphism of Tibetan ophiolitic peridotites and its tectonic implications. Journal of Petrology, 57, 655–684.Search in Google Scholar

Griffin, W.L., Howell, D., Gonzalez-Jimenez, J.M., Xiong, Q., and O’Reilly, S.Y. (2018) Comment on “Ultra-high pressure and ultra-reduced minerals in ophiolites may form by lightning strikes”. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 7, 1–2.Search in Google Scholar

Guilbert, J.M., and Park, C.F. Jr. (2007) The Geology of Ore Deposits, 985 p. Waveland Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hamilton, W.B. (2007) Earth’s first two billion years—The era of internally mobile crust. Geological Society of America Memoir, 200, 233–296.Search in Google Scholar

Harrison, T.M. (2009) The Hadean crust: Evidence from > 4 Ga zircons. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37, 479–505.Search in Google Scholar

Harrison, T.M., Blichert-Toft, J., Müller, W., Albarede, F., Holden, P., and Mojzsis, S.J. (2005) Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: Evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga. Science, 310, 1947–1950.Search in Google Scholar

Harrison, T.M., Schmitt, A.K., McCulloch, M.T., and Lovera, O.M. (2008) Early (>4.5 Ga) formation of terrestrial crust: Lu-Hf, δ18O, and Ti thermometry results for Hadean zircons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 268, 476–486.Search in Google Scholar

Hatert, F., Mills, S.J., Hawthorne, F.C., and Rumsey, M.S. (2021) A comment on “An evolutionary system of mineralogy: Proposal for a classification of planetary materials based on natural kind clustering.” American Mineralogist, 106, 150–153.Search in Google Scholar

Hawley, K., and Bird, A. (2011) What are natural kinds? Philosophical Perspectives, 25, 205–221.Search in Google Scholar

Hawthorne, F.C., Mills, S.J., Hatert, F., and Rumsey, M.S. (2021) Ontology, archetypes and the definition of “mineral species”. Mineralogical Magazine, 85, 125–131.Search in Google Scholar

Haymon, R.M., and Kastner, M. (1981) Hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: Preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 53, 363–381.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M. (2013) Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon: A preliminary list. American Journal of Science, 313, 807–843.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M. (2019) An evolutionary system of mineralogy: Proposal for a classification based on natural kind clustering. American Mineralogist, 104, 810–816.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M. (2021) Reply to “A comment on ‘An evolutionary system of mineralogy: Proposal for a classification of planetary materials based on natural kind clustering’.” American Mineralogist, 106, 154–156.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M., and Ausubel, J.H. (2016) On the nature and significance of rarity in mineralogy. American Mineralogist, 101, 1245–1251.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M., and Morrison, S.M. (2020) An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part I: stellar mineralogy (>13 to 4.6 Ga). American Mineralogist, 105, 627–651.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M., and Morrison, S.M. (2021a) An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part V: Planetesimal Aqueous and thermal alteration of planetesimals (4.565 to 4.550 Ga). American Mineralogist, 106, 1388–1419.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M., and Morrison, S.M. (2021b) Mineralogical environments of the Hadean Eon: Templates for the Origins of Life? In A. Neubeck and S. McMahon, Eds., Prebiotic Chemistry and the Origin of Life, p. 43–61. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M., and Morrison, S.M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107, 1262–1287.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M., Morrison, S.M., and Prabhu, A. (2021) An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part III: Primary chondrule mineralogy (4.566 to 4.561 Ga). American Mineralogist, 106, 325–350.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M., Morrison, S.M., Krivovichev, S.L., and Downs, R.T. (2022) Lumping and splitting: Toward a classification of mineral natural kinds. American Mineralogist, 107, 1288–1301.Search in Google Scholar

Hazen, R.M., Morrison, S.M., Prabhu, A., Walter, M.J., and Williams, J.R. (2023) An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VII: The evolution of the igneous minerals (> 2500 Ma). American Mineralogist, 108, in press.Search in Google Scholar

Heinrich, C.A., and Henley, R.W. (1989) Hydrothermal Systems, 74 p. Australian Mineral Foundation.Search in Google Scholar

Hekinian, R., Fevrier, M., Bischoff, J.L., Picot, P., and Shanks, W.C. (1980) Sulfide deposits from the East Pacific Rise near 21 N. Science, 207, 1433–1444.Search in Google Scholar

Hess, B.L., Piazolo, S., and Harvey, J. (2021) Lightning strikes as a major facilitator of prebiotic phosphorus reduction on early Earth. Nature Communications, 12, 1535.Search in Google Scholar

Hickman, A.H., and Van Kranendonk, M.J. (2012) Early Earth evolution: Evidence from the 3.5–1.8 Ga geological history of the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Episodes, 35, 283–297.Search in Google Scholar

Holland, H.D. (1984) The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans, 598 p. Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Holm, N.G., Oze, C., Mousis, O., Waite, J.H., and Guilbert-Lepoutre, A. (2015) Serpentinization and the formation of H2 and CH4 on celestial bodies (planets, moons, comets). Astrobiology, 15, 587–600.Search in Google Scholar

Holser, W.T. (1979) Mineralogy of evaporites. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 6, 213–294.Search in Google Scholar

Hui, H., Peslier, A.H., Zhang, Y., and Neal, C.R. (2013) Water in lunar anorthosites and evidence for a wet early Moon. Nature Geoscience, 6, 177–180.Search in Google Scholar

Ikoma, M., Elkins-Tanton, L., Hamano, K., and Suckale, J. (2018) Water partitioning in planetary embryos and protoplanets with magma oceans. Space Science Reviews, 214, 1–28.Search in Google Scholar

Isley, A.E., and Abbott, D.H. (1999) Plume-related mafic volcanism and the deposition of banded iron formation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 5461–15 477.Search in Google Scholar

Izawa, M.R.M., Nesbitt, H.W., MacRae, N.D., and Hoffman, E.L. (2010) Composition and evolution of the early oceans: Evidence from the Tagish Lake meteorite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 298, 443–449.Search in Google Scholar

Jarrard, R.D. (2003) Subduction fluxes of water, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and potassium. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 8905.Search in Google Scholar

Johannsen, A. (1932) A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks. Volume II: The Quartz-Bearing Rocks. The University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Johannsen, A. (1937) A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks. Volume III: The Intermediate Rocks. The University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Johannsen, A. (1938) A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks. Volume IV: Part I: The Feldspathoid Rocks. Part II: The Peridotites and Perknites. The University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Jolliff, B.L., Wieczorek, M.A., Shearer, C.K., and Neal, C.R. (2006) New Views of the Moon, vol. 60. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar

Jolliff, B.L., Wiseman, S.A., Lawrence, S.J., Tran, T.N., Robinson, M.S., Sato, H., Hawke, B.R., Scholten, F., Oberst, J., Hiesinger, H., and others. (2011) Non-mare silicic volcanism on the lunar farside at Compton-Belkovich. Nature Geoscience, 4, 566–571.Search in Google Scholar

Kadoya, S., Krissansen-Totton, J., and Catling, D.C. (2020) Probable cold and alkaline surface environment of the Hadean Earth caused by impact ejecta weathering. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 21, 18. e2019GC008734.Search in Google Scholar

Kasting, J.F., and Howard, M.T. (2006) Atmospheric composition and climate on the early Earth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 361, 1733–1742.Search in Google Scholar

Kawai, K., Tsuchiya, T., Tsuchiya, J., and Maruyama, S. (2009) Lost primordial continents. Gondwana Research, 16, 581–586.Search in Google Scholar

Kelemen, P.B., and Matter, J. (2008) In situ carbonation of peridotite for CO2 storage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 17295–17300.Search in Google Scholar

Kemp, A.I.S., Wilde, S.A., Hawkesworth, C.J., Coath, C.D., Nemchin, A., Pidgeon, R.T., Vervoort, J.D., and DuFrane, S.A. (2010) Hadean crustal evolution revisited: New constraints from Pb-Hf isotope systematics of the Jack Hills zircons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 296, 45–56.Search in Google Scholar

Khalidi, M.A. (2013) Natural Categories and Human Kinds: Classification in the Natural and Social Sciences, 264 p. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, J.D., Yee, N., Nanda, V., and Falkowski, P.G. (2013) Anoxic photochemical oxidation of siderite generates molecular hydrogen and iron oxides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 10073–10077.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, H., Furukawa, Y., Kakegawa, T., Bita, A., Scorei, R., and Benner, S.A. (2016) Evaporite borate-containing mineral ensembles make phosphate available and regiospecifically phosphorylate ribonucleosides: Borate as a multifaceted problem solver in prebiotic chemistry. Angewandte Chemie, 55, 15816–15820 (International ed. in English).Search in Google Scholar

Kinzler, R.J., and Grove, T.L. (1992) Primary magmas of midocean ridge basalts 1. Experiments and methods. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 6885–6906.Search in Google Scholar

Knauth, L.P. (2005) Temperature and salinity history of the Precambrian Ocean: Implications for the course of microbial evolution. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 219, 53–69.Search in Google Scholar

Koeberl, C. (2002) Mineralogical and geochemical aspects of impact craters. Mineralogical Magazine, 66, 745–768.Search in Google Scholar

Koeberl, C. (2006) Impact processes on the early Earth. Elements, 2, 211–216.Search in Google Scholar

Kohn, S.C., and Grant, K.J. (2006) The partitioning of water between nominally anhydrous minerals and silicate melts. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 62, 231–241.Search in Google Scholar

Korenaga, J. (2008) Plate tectonics, flood basalts, and the evolution of Earth’s oceans. Terra Nova, 20, 419–439.Search in Google Scholar

Korenaga, J. (2021) Hadean geodynamics and the nature of early continental crust. Precambrian Research, 359, 106178.Search in Google Scholar

Korenaga, J., Planavsky, N.J., and Evans, D.A.D. (2017) Global water cycle and the coevolution of Earth’s interior and surface environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375, 20150393.Search in Google Scholar

Kruijer, T.S., Touboul, M., Fischer-Gödde, M., Bermingham, K.R., Walker, R.J., and Kleine, T. (2014) Protracted core formation and rapid accretion of protoplanets. Science, 344, 1150–1154.Search in Google Scholar

Kruijer, T.S., Burkhardt, C., Budde, G., and Kleine, T. (2017) Age of Jupiter from the distinct genetics and formation times of meteorites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 6712–6716.Search in Google Scholar

Kuritani, T., Yoshida, T., Kimura, J.-I., Hirahara, Y., and Takahashi, T. (2014) Water content of primitive low-K tholeiitic basalt magma from Iwate Volcano, NE Japan arc: Implications for differentiation mechanism of frontal-arc basalt magmas. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108, 1–11.Search in Google Scholar

Kurokawa, H., Foriel, J., Laneuville, M., Houser, C., and Usui, T. (2018) Subduction and atmospheric escape of Earth’s seawater constrained by hydrogen isotopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 497, 149–160.Search in Google Scholar

Lamadrid, H.M., Rimstidt, J.D., Schwarzenbach, E.M., Klein, F., Ulrich, S., Dolocan, A., and Bodnar, R.J. (2017) Effect of water activity on rates of serpentinization of olivine. Nature Communications, 8, 16107–16109.Search in Google Scholar

Lambart, S.L., Baker, M.B., and Stolper, E.M. (2016) The role of pyroxenite in basalt genesis: Melt-PX, a melting parameterization for mantle pyroxenites between 0.9 and 5 GPa. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121, 5708–5735.Search in Google Scholar

Lebrun, T., Massol, H., Chassefiere, E., Davaille, A., Marcq, E., Sarda, P., Leblanc, F., and Brandeis, G. (2013) Thermal evolution of an early magma ocean in interaction with the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118, 1155–1176.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, Y., Tronche, E.J., Steenstra, E.S., and van Westrenen, W. (2017) Experimental contsraints on the solidification of a nominally dry lunar magma ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 471, 104–116.Search in Google Scholar

Lock, S.J., Stewart, S.T., Petaev, M.L., Leinhardt, Z., Mace, M.T., Jacobsen, S.B., and Ćuk, M. (2018) The origin of the Moon within a terrestrial synestia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 123, 910–951.Search in Google Scholar

Lock, S.J., Stewart, S.T., and Ćuk, M. (2020) The energy budget and figure of Earth during recovery from the Moon-forming impact. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530, 115885.Search in Google Scholar

London, D. (2008) Pegmatites, 347 p. Mineralogical Association of Canada.Search in Google Scholar

Longhi, J., Durand, S.R., and Walker, D. (2010) The pattern of Ni and Co abundances in lunar olivines. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 784–798.Search in Google Scholar

Lorenz, R.D. (2018) Lightning detection on Venus: A critical review. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 5, 34–25.Search in Google Scholar

Lowell, R.P., and Rona, P.A. (2002) Seafloor hydrothermal systems driven by the serpentinization of peridotite. Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 1–5.Search in Google Scholar

Ma, C. (2018) A closer look at shocked meteorites: Discovery of new high-pressure minerals. American Mineralogist, 103, 1521–1522.Search in Google Scholar

Ma, C., Tschauner, O., and Beckett, J.R. (2019a) Discovery of a new high-pressure silicate phase, (Fe,Mg,Cr,Ti,Ca,□)2(Si,Al)O4 with a tetragonal spinelloid structure, in a shock melt pocket from the Tissint Martian meteorite. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 50, 1460.Search in Google Scholar

Ma, C., Tschauner, O., Bindi, L., Beckett, J.R., and Xie, X. (2019b) A vacancy-rich, partially inverted spinelloid silicate, (Mg,Fe,Si)2(Si,□)O4, as a major matrix phase in shock melt veins of the Tenham and Suizhou L6 chondrites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 54, 1907–1918.Search in Google Scholar

Magnus, P.D. (2012) Scientific Enquiry and Natural Kinds: From Mallards to Planets, 210 p. Palgrave MacMillan.Search in Google Scholar

Maier, W.D. (2005) Platinum-group element (PGE) deposits and occurrences: Mineralization styles, genetic concepts, and exploration criteria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 41, 165–191.Search in Google Scholar

Marchi, S., Bottke, W.F., Elkins-Tanton, L.T., Bierhaus, M., Wuennemann, K., Morbidelli, A., and Kring, D.A. (2014) Widespread mixing and burial of Earth’s Hadean crust by asteroid impacts. Nature, 511, 578–582.Search in Google Scholar

Marks, M.A.W., and Markl, G. (2017) A global review on agpaitic rocks. Earth-Science Reviews, 173, 229–258.Search in Google Scholar

Martin, H., and Moyen, J.-F. (2002) Secular changes in TTG composition as markers of the progressive cooling of the Earth. Geology, 30, 319–322.Search in Google Scholar

Martin, H., Smithies, R.H., Rapp, R., Moyen, J.-F., and Champion, D. (2005) An overview of adakite, tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid—Relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos, 79, 1–24.Search in Google Scholar

Marty, B., Avice, G., Bekaert, D.V., and Broadley, M.W. (2018) Salinity of the Archean oceans from analysis of fluid inclusions in quartz. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 350, 154–163.Search in Google Scholar

Maruyama, S., and Ebisuzaki, T. (2017) Origin of the Earth: A proposal of new model called ABEL. Geoscience Frontiers, 8, 253–274.Search in Google Scholar

Maruyama, S., Ikoma, M., Genda, H., Hirose, K., Yokoyama, T., and Santosh, M. (2013) The naked planet Earth: Most essential pre-requisite for the origin and evolution of life. Geoscience Frontiers, 4, 141–165.Search in Google Scholar

Matsui, T., and Abe, Y. (1986) Formation of a “magma ocean” on the terrestrial planets due to the blanketing effect of an impact-induced atmosphere. Earth, Moon and Planets, 34, 223–230.Search in Google Scholar

McNutt, S.R., and Williams, E.R. (2010) Volcanic lightning: Global observations and constraints on source mechanisms. Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 1153–1167.Search in Google Scholar

Mills, S.J., Hatert, F., Nickel, E.H., and Ferraris, G. (2009) The standardization of mineral group hierarchies: Application to recent nomenclature proposals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 21, 1073–1080.Search in Google Scholar

Miyazaki, Y., and Korenaga, J. (2019a) On the timescale of magma ocean solidification and its chemical consequences: 1. Thermodynamic database for liquid at high pressures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 3382–3398.Search in Google Scholar

Miyazaki, Y., and Korenaga, J. (2019b) On the timescale of magma ocean solidification and its chemical consequences: 2. Compositional differentiation under crustal accumulation and matrix compaction. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 3399–3419.Search in Google Scholar

Mojzsis, S.J., Harrison, T.M., and Pidgeon, R.T. (2001) Oxygen-isotope evidence 1831 from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth’s surface 4,300 Myr ago. Nature, 409, 178–181.Search in Google Scholar

Moody, J. (1976) Serpentinization: A review. Lithos, 9, 125–138.Search in Google Scholar

Moore, J.G. (1970) Water content of basalt erupted on the ocean floor. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 28, 272–279.Search in Google Scholar

Morbidelli, A., Nesvorny, D., Laurenz, V., Marchi, S., Rubie, D.C., Elkins-Tanton, L., Wieczorek, M., and Jacobson, S. (2018) The timeline of the lunar bombardment: Revisted. Icarus, 305, 262–276.Search in Google Scholar

Morrison, S.M., and Hazen, R.M. (2020) An evolutionary system of mineralogy, part II: interstellar and solar nebula primary condensation mineralogy (>4.565 Ga). American Mineralogist, 195, 1508–1535.Search in Google Scholar

Morrison, S.M., and Hazen, R.M. (2021) An evolutionary system of mineralogy, part IV: Planetesimal differentiation and impact mineralization (4.566 to 4.560 Ga). American Mineralogist, 106, 730–761.Search in Google Scholar

Morrison, S.M., Liu, C., Eleish, A., Prabhu, A., Li, C., Ralph, J., Downs, R.T., Golden, J.J., Fox, P., Hummer, D.R., Meyer, M.B., and Hazen, R.M. (2017) Network analysis of mineralogical systems. American Mineralogist, 102, 1588–1596.Search in Google Scholar

Morrison, S.M., Runyon, S.E., and Hazen, R.M. (2018) The paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon revisited. Life, 8, 64–20.Search in Google Scholar

Morse, S.A. (1987) Origin of earliest planetary crust: Role of compositional convection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 81, 118–126.Search in Google Scholar

Morse, J.W., and Mackenzie, F.T. (1998) Hadean ocean carbonate chemistry. Aquatic Geochemistry, 4, 301–319.Search in Google Scholar

Moynier, F., Yin, Q.-Z., Irisawa, K., Boyet, M., Jacobsen, B., and Rosing, M.T. (2010) Coupled 182W-142Nd constraint for early Earth differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 10810–10814.Search in Google Scholar

Mungall, J.E., and Naldrett, A.J. (2008) Ore deposits of the platinum-group elements. Elements, 4, 253–258.Search in Google Scholar

Norman, M.D., Borg, L.E., Nyquist, L.E., and Bogard, D.D. (2003) Chronology, geochemistry, and petrology of a ferroan noritic anorthosite clast from Descartes breccia 67215: Clues to the age, origin, structure, and impact history of the lunar crust. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 38, 645–661.Search in Google Scholar

Ohtani, E., Kimura, Y., Kimura, M., Takata, T., Kondo, T., and Kubo, T. (2004) Formation of high-pressure minerals in shocked L6 chondrite Yamato 791384: Constraints on shock conditions and parent body size. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 227, 505–515.Search in Google Scholar

O’Neil, J., and Carlson, R.W. (2017) Building Archean cratons from Hadean mafic crust. Science, 355, 1199–1202.Search in Google Scholar

O’Neil, J., Carlson, R.W., Francis, D., and Stevenson, R.K. (2008) Neodymium-142 evidence for Hadean mafic crust. Science, 321, 1828–1831.Search in Google Scholar

O’Neil, J., Francis, D., and Carlson, R.W. (2011) Implications of the Nuvvuagittuq green-stone belt for the formation of Earth’s early crust. Journal of Petrology, 52, 985–1009.Search in Google Scholar

O’Neill, C., and Debaille, V. (2014) The evolution of Hadean-Eoarchean geodynamics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 406, 49–58.Search in Google Scholar

Osinski, G.R., Tornabene, L.L., Banerjee, N.R., Cockell, C.S., Flemming, R., Izawa, M.R.M., McCutcheon, J., Parnell, J., Preston, L.J., Pickersgill, A.E., and others. (2013) Impact-generated hydrothermal systems on Earth and Mars. Icarus, 224, 347–363.Search in Google Scholar

Palandri, J.L., and Reed, M.H. (2004) Geochemical models of metasomatism in ultra-mafic systems: Serpentinization, rodingitization, and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1115–1133.Search in Google Scholar

Pasek, M.A., and Block, K. (2009) Lightning-induced reduction of phosphorus oxidation state. Nature Geoscience, 2, 553–556.Search in Google Scholar

Pasek, M.A., Block, K., and Pasek, V. (2012) Fulgurite morphology: A classification scheme and clues to formation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 164, 477–492.Search in Google Scholar

Philpotts, A.R., and Ague, J.J. (2009) Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, 684 p., 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Pietranik, A.B., Hawkesworth, C.J., Storey, C.D., Kemp, A.I.S., Sircombe, K.N., White-house, M.J., and Bleeker, W. (2008) Episodic mafic crust formation from 4.5–2.8 Ga: New evidence from detrital zircons, Slave Craton, Canada. Geology, 36, 875–878.Search in Google Scholar

Pilchin, A., and Eppelbaum, L. (2012) The early Earth, formation and evolution of the lithosphere in the Hadean—Middle Archean. Encyclopedia of Earth Science Research, 1, 1–94.Search in Google Scholar

Pirajno, F. (2009) Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems, 1250 p. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Pirajno, F. (2020) Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues. Geoscience Frontiers, 11, 1549–1569.Search in Google Scholar

Ricardo, A., Carrigan, M.A., Olcott, A.N., and Benner, S.A. (2004) Borate minerals stabilize ribose. Science, 303, 196.Search in Google Scholar

Righter, K., and Drake, M.J. (1999) Effect of water on metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements a high pressure and temperature terrestrial magma ocean and core formation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 171, 383–399.Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, A.C., Ansell, H.G., and Bonardi, M. (1980) Pararealgar, a new polymorph of AsS, from British Columbia. Canadian Mineralogist, 18, 525–527.Search in Google Scholar

Rodriguez, J.A.P., Sasaki, S., Dohm, J.M., Tanaka, K.L., Strom, B., Kargel, J., Kuzmin, R., Miyamoto, H., Spray, J.G., Fairén, A.G., and others. (2005) Control of impact crater fracture systems on subsurface hydrology, ground subsidence, and collapse, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 22 E06003.Search in Google Scholar

Rollinson, H. (2007) Early Earth Systems: A Geochemical Approach, 296 p. Blackwell Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Rosas, J.C., and Korenaga, J. (2021) Archean seafloor shallowed with age due to radiogenic heating in the mantle. Nature Geoscience, 14, 51–56.Search in Google Scholar

Rubin, A.E., and Ma, C. (2021) Meteorite Mineralogy, 418 p. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Russell, C.T., Zhang, T.L., and Wei, H.Y. (2008) Whistler mode waves from lightning on Venus: Magnetic control of ionospheric access. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113E00B05.Search in Google Scholar

Russell, M.J., Hall, A.J., and Martin, W. (2010) Serpentinization as a source of energy at the origin of life. Geobiology, 8, 355–371.Search in Google Scholar

Russell, C.T., Strangeway, R.J., Daniels, J.T.M., Zhang, T.L., and Wei, H.Y. (2011) Venus lightning: Comparison with terrestrial lightning. Planetary and Space Science, 59, 965–973.Search in Google Scholar

Saal, A.E., Hauri, E.H., Cascio, M.L., Van Orman, J.A., Rutherford, M.C., and Cooper, R.F. (2008) Volatile content of lunar volcanic glasses and the presence of water in the Moon’s interior. Nature, 454, 192–195.Search in Google Scholar

Schaefer, L., and Elkins-Tanton, L.T. (2018) Magma oceans as a critical stage in the tectonic development of rocky planets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0109Search in Google Scholar

Schaefer, L., and Fegley, B. Jr. (2010) Chemistry of atmospheres formed during accretion of the Earth and terrestrial planets. Icarus, 208, 438–448.Search in Google Scholar

Schertl, H.-P., Mills, S.J., and Maresch, W.V. (2018) A Compendium of IMA-Approved Mineral Nomenclature, 353 p. International Mineralogical Association.Search in Google Scholar

Schrenk, M.O., Brazelton, W.J., and Lang, S.Q. (2013) Serpentinization, carbon, and deep life. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 75, 575–606.Search in Google Scholar

Schwarzenbach, E.M., and Steele-MacInnis, M. (2020) Fluids in submarine mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal settings. Elements, 16, 389–394.Search in Google Scholar

Sekine, Y., Sugita, S., Kadono, T., and Matsui, T. (2003) Methane production by large iron meteorite impacts on early Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 5070–5075.Search in Google Scholar

Sharkov, E.V., and Bogina, M.M. (2009) Mafic-ultramafic magmatism of the Early Precambrian (from Archean to Paleoproterozoic). Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 17, 117–136.Search in Google Scholar

Shibuya, T., Yoshizaki, M., Masaki, Y., Suzuki, K., Takai, K., and Russell, M.J. (2013) Reactions between basalt and CO2-rich seawater at 250 and 350 °C, 500 bars: Implications for the CO2 sequestration into the modern oceanic crust and the composition of hydrothermal vent fluid on the CO2-rich early ocean. Chemical Geology, 359, 1–9.Search in Google Scholar

Shibuya, T., Yoshizaki, M., Sato, M., Shimizu, K., Nakamura, K., Omori, S., Suzuki, K., Takai, K., Tsunakawa, H., and Maruyama, S. (2015) Hydrogen-rich hydrothermal environments in the Hadean ocean inferred from serpentinization of komatiites at 300 °C and 500 bar. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 2, 46.Search in Google Scholar

Shore, M., and Fowler, A.D. (1999) The origin of spinifex texture in komatiites. Nature, 397, 691–694.Search in Google Scholar

Sleep, N.H., and Zahnle, K. (2001) Carbon dioxide cycling and implications for climate on ancient Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 106, 1373–1399.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, C.M., Gaudin, D., Van Eaton, A.R., Behnke, S.A., Reader, S., Thomas, R.J., Edens, H., McNutt, S.R., and Cimarelli, C. (2021) Impulsive volcanic plumes generate volcanic lightning and vent discharges: A statistical analysis of Sakurajima volcano in 2015. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, 10 e2020GL092323.Search in Google Scholar

Snyder, G.A., Taylor, L.A., and Neal, C.R. (1992) A chemical model for generating the sources of mare basalts: Combined equilibrium and fractional crystallization of the lunar magmasphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 3809–3823.Search in Google Scholar

Solomatov, V.S. (2000) Fluid dynamics of a terrestrial magma ocean. In R.M. Canup and K. Righter, Eds., Origin of the Earth and Moon, pp. 323–338. University of Arizona Press.Search in Google Scholar

Solomatov, V.S. (2007) Magma oceans and primordial mantle differentiation. Treatise on Geophysics, 9, 91–119.Search in Google Scholar

Solomatov, V.S., and Stevenson, D.J. (1993a) Kinetics of crystal growth in a terrestrial magma ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 98, 5407–5418.Search in Google Scholar

Solomatov, V.S., and Stevenson, D.J. (1993b) Nonfractional crystallization of a terrestrial magma ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 98, 5391–5406.Search in Google Scholar

Solomatov, V.S., and Stevenson, D.J. (1993c) Suspension in convective layers and style of differentiation of a terrestrial magma ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 98, 5375–5390.Search in Google Scholar

Solomatov, V.S., Olson, P., and Stevenson, D.J. (1993) Entrainment from a bed of particles by thermal convection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 120, 387–393.Search in Google Scholar

Solomon, S. (1979) Formation, history, and energetics of cores in the terrestrial planets. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 19, 168–182.Search in Google Scholar

Stevenson, D.J. (1987) Origin of the Moon—The collision hypothesis. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 15, 271–315.Search in Google Scholar

Stöffler, D., Hamann, C., and Metzler, K. (2018) Shock metamorphism of planetary silicate rocks and sediments: Proposal for an updated classification system. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 53, 5–49.Search in Google Scholar

Streit, E., Kelemen, P., and Eiler, J. (2012) Coexisting serpentine and quartz from carbonate-bearing serpentinized peridotite in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 164, 821–837.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, S.R. (1982) Planetary Science: A Lunar Perspective, 175 p. Lunar and Planetary Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M. (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution, 312 p. Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Thiemens, M.M., Sprung, P., Fonseca, R.O.C., Leitzke, F.P., and Munker, C. (2019) Early Moon formation inferred from hafnium-tungsten systematics. Nature Geo-science, 12, 696–700.Search in Google Scholar

Tikoo, S.M., and Elkins-Tanton, L.T. (2017) The fate of water within Earth and super-Earths and implications for plate tectonics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375, 20150394.Search in Google Scholar

Tomioka, N., and Miyahara, M. (2017) High-pressure minerals in shocked meteorites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 52, 2017–2039.Search in Google Scholar

Tonks, W.B., and Melosh, H.J. (1990) The physics of crystal settling and suspension in a turbulent magma ocean. LPI Conference on the Origin of Earth, Oxford University Press, pp. 151–174.Search in Google Scholar

Tonks, W.B., and Melosh, H.J. (1993) Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 98, 5319–5333.Search in Google Scholar

Trønnes, R.G., Baron, M.A., Eigenmann, K.R., Guren, M.G., Heyn, B.H., Løken, A., and Mohn, C.E. (2019) Core formation, mantle differentiation and core-mantle interaction within Earth and the terrestrial planets. Tectonophysics, 760, 165–198.Search in Google Scholar

Tschauner, O. (2019) High-pressure minerals. American Mineralogist, 104, 1701–1731.Search in Google Scholar

Tschauner, O., Ma, C., Lanzirotti, A., and Newville, M.G. (2020) Riesite, a new high-pressure polymorph of TiO2 from the Ries impact structure. Minerals, 10, 78.Search in Google Scholar

Tucker, J.M., and Mukhopadhyay, S. (2014) Evidence for multiple magma ocean out-gassing and atmospheric loss episodes from mantle noble gases. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 393, 254–265.Search in Google Scholar

Valley, J.W., Peck, W.H., King, E.M., and Wilde, S.A. (2002) A cool early Earth. Geology, 30, 351–354.Search in Google Scholar

Valley, J.W., Cavosie, A.J., Ushikubo, T., Reinhard, D.A., Lawrence, D.F., Larson, D.J., Clifton, P.H., Kelly, T.F., Wilde, S.A., Moser, D.E., and Spicuzza, M.J. (2014) Hadean age for a post-magma-ocean zircon confirmed by atom-probe tomography. Nature Geoscience, 7, 219–223.Search in Google Scholar

Van Eaton, A.R., Amigo, Á., Bertin, D., Mastin, L.G., Giacosa, R.E., González, J., Valderrama, O., Fontijn, K., and Behnke, S.A. (2016) Volcanic lightning and plume behavior reveal evolving hazards during the April 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano, Chile. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 3563–3571.Search in Google Scholar

Van Kranendonk, M.J., Smithies, R.H., and Bennett, V.C., Eds. (2007) Earth’s Oldest Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15. Elsevier.Search in Google Scholar

Vaniman, D.T., and Bish, D.L. (1990) Yoshiokaite, a new Ca,Al-silicate mineral from the Moon. American Mineralogist, 75, 676–686.Search in Google Scholar

Vergasova, L.P., and Filatov, S.K. (2016) A study of volcanogenic exhalation mineralization. Journal of Volcanology and Seismology, 10, 71–85.Search in Google Scholar

Voosen, P. (2021) Ancient Earth was a water world. Science, 371, 1088–1089.Search in Google Scholar

Warren, P.H. (1989) Growth of the continental crust: a planetary-mantle perspective. Tectonophysics, 161, 165–199.Search in Google Scholar

Warren, P.H., Taylor, G.J., Keil, K., Kallemeyn, G.W., Shirley, D.N., and Wasson, J.T. (1983) Seventh foray: whitlockite-rich lithologies, a diopside-bearing troctolitic anorthosite, ferroan anorthosites, and KREEP. Proceedings of the 14th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, B151–B164.Search in Google Scholar

Wetherill, G.W. (1990) Formation of the Earth. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 18, 205–256.Search in Google Scholar

Wieczorek, M.A., and Zuber, M.T. (2001) The composition and origin of the lunar crust: Constraints from central peaks and crustal thickness modeling. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 4023–4026.Search in Google Scholar

Wilde, S.A., Valley, J.W., Peck, W.H., and Graham, C.M. (2001) Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on Earth 4.4 Gyr ago. Nature, 409, 175–178.Search in Google Scholar

Williams, M.A., Krider, E.P., and Hunten, D.M. (1983) Planetary lightning: Earth, Jupiter, and Venus. Reviews of Geophysics, 21, 892–902.Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, M.J. (2013) Rock-Forming Minerals: Sheet Silicates: Clay Minerals, 2nd ed., vol. 3C, 736 p. The Geological Society of London.Search in Google Scholar

Xie, Z., Sharp, T.G., and DeCarli, P.S. (2006) High-pressure phases in a shock-induced melt vein of the Tenham L6 chondrite: Constraints on shock pressure and duration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 504–515.Search in Google Scholar

Yamamoto, S., Nakamura, R., Matsunaga, T., Ogawa, Y., Ishihara, Y., Morota, T., Hirata, N., Ohtake, M., Hiroi, T., Yokota, Y., and Haruyama, J. (2012) Massive layer of pure anorthosite on the Moon. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L13201.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, J.S., Trumbull, R.B., Robinson, P.T., Xiong, F.H., and Lian, D.Y. (2018) Comment 2 on “Ultra-high pressure and ultra-reduced minerals in ophiolites may form by lightning strikes. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 8, 6–7.Search in Google Scholar

Yoder, H.S. Jr. (1976) Generation of Basaltic Magma, 281 p. National Academy of Sciences Press.Search in Google Scholar

Yoshiya, K., Sato, T., Omori, S., and Maruyama, S. (2018) The birthplace of proto-life: Role of secondary minerals in forming metallo-proteins through water-rock interaction of Hadean rocks. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 48, 373–393.Search in Google Scholar

Young, E.D., Kohl, I.E., Warren, P.H., Rubie, D.C., Jacobson, S.A., and Morbidelli, A. (2016) Oxygen isotopic evidence for vigorous mixing during the Moon-forming giant impact. Science, 351, 493–496.Search in Google Scholar

Zahnle, K.J., Kasting, J.F., and Pollack, J.B. (1988) Evolution of a steam atmosphere during Earth’s accretion. Icarus, 74, 62–97.Search in Google Scholar

Zahnle, K., Arndt, N., Cockell, C., Halliday, A., Nisbet, E., Selsis, F., and Sleep, N.H. (2007) Emergence of a habitable planet. Space Science Reviews, 129, 35–78.Search in Google Scholar

Zahnle, K.J., Schaefer, L., and Fegley, B. Jr. (2010) Earth’s earliest atmospheres. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2, a004895.Search in Google Scholar

Zahnle, K.J., Lupu, R., Catling, D.C., and Wogan, N. (2020) Creation and evolution of impact-generated reduced atmospheres of early Earth. The Planetary Science Journal, 1, 11–21.Search in Google Scholar

Ziegler, E.W., Kim, H.-J., and Benner, S.A. (2018) Molybdenum (VI)-catalyzed rearrangement of prebiotic carbohydrates in formamide, a candidate prebiotic solvent. Astrobiology, 18, 1159–1170.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2021-10-04
Accepted: 2022-01-19
Published Online: 2023-01-03
Published in Print: 2023-01-27

© 2023 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. MSA Review
  2. Nickel in olivine as an exploration indicator for magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits: A data review and re-evaluation
  3. Repeat, fast, and high-resolution mapping of fine-scale trace element distribution in pyrite and marcasite by LA-Q-ICP-MS with the Aerosol Rapid Introduction System (ARIS)
  4. Continuous Be mineralization from two-mica granite to pegmatite: Critical element enrichment processes in a Himalayan leucogranite pluton
  5. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VI: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust (>4370 Ma)
  6. Oxidation or cation re-arrangement? Distinct behavior of riebeckite at high temperature
  7. Fe3+/FeT ratios of amphiboles determined by high spatial resolution single-crystal synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy
  8. How clay delamination supports aseismic slip
  9. The influence of Al2O3 on the structural properties of MgSiO3 akimotoite
  10. Atomistic insight into the ferroelastic post-stishovite transition by high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  11. Epidote as a conveyor of water into the Earth’s deep mantle in subduction zones: Insights from coupled high-pressure and high-temperature experiments
  12. Potential link between antigorite dehydration and shallow intermediate-depth earthquakes in hot subduction zones
  13. Stability of Fe5O6 and its relation to other Fe-Mg-oxides at high pressures and temperatures
  14. From schwertmannite to natrojarosite: Long-term stability and kinetic approach
  15. Trace element and isotopic (S, Pb) constraints on the formation of the giant Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit, NE China
  16. Textural and chemical evolution of magnetite from the Paleozoic Shuanglong Fe-Cu deposit: Implications for tracing ore-forming fluids
  17. Jingwenite-(Y) from the Yushui Cu deposit, South China: The first occurrence of a V-HREE-bearing silicate mineral
  18. Wenjiite, Ti10(Si,P,)7, and kangjinlaite, Ti11(Si,P)10, new minerals in the ternary Ti-P-Si system from the Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet, China
  19. Evaluating the physicochemical conditions for gold occurrences in pyrite
  20. Letter
  21. Synthesis and structural analysis of CaFe2O4-type single crystals in the NaAlSiO4-MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 system
Downloaded on 26.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2022-8329/html
Scroll to top button