Abstract
Part VI of the evolutionary system of mineralogy catalogs 262 kinds of minerals, formed by 18 different processes, that we suggest represent the earliest solid phases in Earth’s crust. All of these minerals likely formed during the first tens of millions of years following the global-scale disruption of the Moon-forming impact prior to ~4.4 Ga, though no samples of terrestrial minerals older than ~4.37 Ga are known to have survived on Earth today. Our catalog of the earliest Hadean species includes 80 primary phases associated with ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks, as well as more than 80 minerals deposited from immiscible S-rich fluids and late-stage Si-rich residual melts. Earth’s earliest crustal minerals also included more than 200 secondary phases of these primary minerals that were generated by thermal metamorphism, aqueous alteration, impacts, and other processes. In particular, secondary mineralization related to pervasive near-surface aqueous fluids may have included serpentinization of mafic and ultramafic rocks, hot springs and submarine volcanic vent mineralization, hydrothermal sulfide deposits, zeolite and associated mineral formation in basaltic cavities, marine authigenesis, and hydration of subaerial lithologies. Additional Hadean minerals may have formed by thermal metamorphism of lava xenoliths, sublimation at volcanic fumaroles, impact processes, and volcanic lightning. These minerals would have occurred along with more than 180 additional phases found in the variety of meteorites that continuously fell to Earth’s surface during the early Hadean Eon.
Funding statement: Studies of mineral evolution and mineral ecology have been supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the W.M. Keck Foundation, the John Templeton Foundation, the NASA Astrobiology Institute ENIGMA team, the Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) Program, a private foundation, and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Any opinions, findings, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Acknowledgments
We are especially grateful to Richard Carlson for valuable discussions and a detailed review of an early version of this contribution. Alexander Evans, Edward Grew, Timothy Grove, Jihua Hao, Peter Kelemen, Craig Manning, Karyn Rogers, Dimitri Sverjensky, Lindy Elkins-Tanton, and Michael Walter provided expert advice on aspects of early Earth petrology and geochemistry. We also thank Associate Editor Steven Simon, and reviewers Kent Condie and George Harlow for their thorough, thoughtful, and constructive reviews.
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- MSA Review
- Nickel in olivine as an exploration indicator for magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits: A data review and re-evaluation
- Repeat, fast, and high-resolution mapping of fine-scale trace element distribution in pyrite and marcasite by LA-Q-ICP-MS with the Aerosol Rapid Introduction System (ARIS)
- Continuous Be mineralization from two-mica granite to pegmatite: Critical element enrichment processes in a Himalayan leucogranite pluton
- An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VI: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust (>4370 Ma)
- Oxidation or cation re-arrangement? Distinct behavior of riebeckite at high temperature
- Fe3+/FeT ratios of amphiboles determined by high spatial resolution single-crystal synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy
- How clay delamination supports aseismic slip
- The influence of Al2O3 on the structural properties of MgSiO3 akimotoite
- Atomistic insight into the ferroelastic post-stishovite transition by high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction
- Epidote as a conveyor of water into the Earth’s deep mantle in subduction zones: Insights from coupled high-pressure and high-temperature experiments
- Potential link between antigorite dehydration and shallow intermediate-depth earthquakes in hot subduction zones
- Stability of Fe5O6 and its relation to other Fe-Mg-oxides at high pressures and temperatures
- From schwertmannite to natrojarosite: Long-term stability and kinetic approach
- Trace element and isotopic (S, Pb) constraints on the formation of the giant Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit, NE China
- Textural and chemical evolution of magnetite from the Paleozoic Shuanglong Fe-Cu deposit: Implications for tracing ore-forming fluids
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- Letter
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